Table 1 Literature review of anaesthetic management of patients with PS
Title | Author/year | Age/gender | Diagnosis | Defect | Surgical procedure | Pre-operational examinations | Anaesthesia method | Premedication | Anaesthesia induction | Airway management | Anaesthesia maintenance | Intraoperative monitoring | Pain management after surgery |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anaesthesia in Poland syndrome [14]. | Sethuraman R/1998 | An eight-month-old boy | Left sided PS | Left upper limb hypoplasia and absence of ribs on the left side of chest wall | CT scan of the thorax/20 min | – | General anaesthesia | – | 5 mg.kg−1 thiopentone and tracheal intubation was facilitated with 2 mg.kg− 1 succinylcholine. | PVC tube and the lungs ventilated manually. Ventilation was controlled with a Mapleson F system | Nitrous oxide (66%), halothane 0.5-1% and 0.2 mg.kg − 1 atracurium | Heart rate, respiratory rate, pulse oximetry, the others are not be clearly reported. | – |
Letter to the editor [15]. | Küpper HJ /1999 | Same patient above | – | – | – | – | – | – | Children with musculo-skeletal diseases show an exceptional risk of developing succinylcholine-related complications including cardiac arrest. | – | The addition of halothane to maintain anaesthesia potentiates the risk for malignant hyperthermia | – | – |
Anaesthetic Management of Patient with Poland Syndrome and Rheumatic Mitral Valve Stenosis: A Case Report [16]. | Kabukcu HK /2005 | A 17 year old male | PS and rheumatic mitral valve stenosis | Severe left thoracic cage deformities, with multiple abnormal left ribs and thoracic scoliosis, dextroposition of heart, severe mitral valve stenosis, grade 3 tricuspid regurgitation and severe pulmonary hypertension, congenital butonier deformity of the fingers of both hands. | Closed mitral commissurotomy/ 150 min. | The chest X-ray, arterial blood gases, the 2 dimensional and doppler echocardiographic examination, computerized tomography, respiratory function tests | General anaesthesia | 0.05 μg.kg− 1midazolam iv | 2 μg.kg− 1 fentanyl, 2.3 mg.kg− 1 propofol and 0.6 mg.kg− 1 rocuronium | Endotracheal intubation, intermittent positive pressure ventilation and positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 mmHg | TIVA technique using 3 mg.kg-1.h− 1propofol, 0.5 mg.kg-1.h− 1rocuronium and 10 μg.kg-1.h− 1fentanyl | Arterial pressure, heart rate and oxygen saturation, pulmonary arterial catheter was inserted after induction of anaesthesia | – |
Anaesthesia in Poland syndrome: A case report [17]. | Ince I /2014 | A 23-year old female | Right-sided PS | A right chest wall deformity, including absence of the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, breast and nipple, rudimentary development of 3rd rib and 2, 3, 4, 5 syndactyly of the fingers | Breast reconstruction surgery/ 4 h. | Heart and lung auscultation, respiratory function tests, echocardiography. The others are not be clearly reported. | General anaesthesia | Midazolam | 2 mg.kg−1 propofol, 2 μg.kg− 1 fentanyl and 0.6 mg.kg− 1 rocuronium | – | TIVA by using 6 mg.kg− 1.h− 1propofol and 0.25 μg.kg− 1.min− 1remifentanil. | Oxygen saturation, heart rate and arterial pressure, body temperature and end-tidal CO2 | – |