Fig. 5

Closed-loop control of hemodynamic resuscitation in one dog in group B over the period of 4 h. a Time courses of NA infusion rate, on/off status of RiA infusion at 15 ml·min⁻¹, and cumulated volume of RiA infused. b Time courses of cardiovascular parameters. Red lines indicate target parameters (top; R*, middle; V*). R* and V* were recalculated every minute. c Time courses of hemodynamic variables. Red lines indicate target hemodynamic variables (second from the top; AP*, third from the top; CO*). AP* and CO* were constant throughout the control period. d Time courses of |PE| for AP and CO