Fig. 1
From: Effects of combined spinal epidural labor analgesia on episiotomy: a retrospective cohort study
Flow chart detailing the selection of patients included in the retrospective analysis. A total of 15,063 women gave birth in the study period. 11,994 were accorded with the inclusive criteria, and 3069 were excluded. Of these exclusions, 125 were multiple gestations, 2162 were multiparous, 98 were non-cephalic presentation, 493 were premature, 165 were labor induced, and 26 had missing data of labor duration. The final sample comprised 5748 women in the CSEA group and 6246 in the non-CSEA group