Table 1 Perioperative analgesia regimen in the standard therapy-perioperative lidocaine and enhanced recovery multi-modal analgesia-perioperative lidocaine group

Preoperative

1. None

1. Celecoxib 200 mg PO^c

2. Acetaminophen 975 mg PO

3. Gabapentin 600 mg PO

Intraoperative

1. Intravenous lidocaine 2–3 mg/min

2. Intravenous Opioids^a

3. Intravenous Ketamine^a

1. Intravenous lidocaine 2–3 mg/min

2. Single intrathecal dose of preservative free morphine (100 μg)

3. Ketamine 0.5 mg/kg IV at induction followed by an infusion at 0.6 mg/kg/h (stopped 45-min before closure for laparoscopic cases and decreased to 0.3 mg/kg/h in open cases until completion of the case

4. Magnesium 30 mg/kg intravenously at induction

5. Dexamethasone 4 mg at induction

6. Intravenous opioids^b

Postoperatively

1. Intravenous lidocaine 0.5–1 mg/min

2. Hydromorphone PCA and oral oxycodone

3. Acetaminophen

1. Intravenous lidocaine 0.5–1 mg/min

2. Celecoxib 100 mg twice daily

3. No opioid PCA

4. Oral oxycodone

5. Acetaminophen