Effects of changes in intraoperative management on recovery from anesthesia: a review of practice improvement initiative

Table 3 Duration of Phase I recovery from general anesthesia and clinical outcomes

	Epoch I	Epoch II	P
	N = 2,936	N = 3,137
Phase I, minutes	72 [50,102]	62 [44,90]	<0.001
PONV requiring treatment	399 (13.6)	261 (8.3)	<0.001
Respiratory events*	229 (7.8)	161 (5.1)	<0.001
Apnea	76	45
Hypoventilation	107	82
Oxyhemoglobin desaturation	85	63
Pain/sedation mismatch	74	48
Bronchospasm	17 (0.6)	30 (1.0)	0.107
PACU medications
Antihypertensives	266 (9.1)	188 (6.0)	<0.001
Antiarrhythmic medication	7 (0.2)	3 (0.1)	0.213
Vasoactive medication	40 (1.4)	37 (1.2)	0.567
Opioids medication^†	1.5 [0,10]	0 [0,9]	0.011

*The rate of respiratory events among patients administered nondepolarizing muscle relaxant medications did not differ between patients who were subsequently reversed with neostigmine (204 of 3,180 patients [7.7%]) or were not reversed (14 of 218 patients [6.4%]), P = 0.597. ^†When excluding patients who did not receive opioids in the PACU, the dose of opioid between epochs did not differ (10 [5,15] iv ME mg vs. 10 [5,15] iv ME mg, P = 0.253. Data presented as number (percentage) or median [25%, 75%]. Abbreviations: PONV = postoperative nausea or vomiting; iv ME = intravenous morphine equivalents.

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