Intravenous pretreatment with emulsified isoflurane preconditioning protects kidneys against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

Table 2 Renal functional parameters, markers of inflammation and oxidative stress

	S	I/R	I	EIso 1 ml/kg	EIso 2 ml/kg	EIso 4 ml/kg
Cr (μmol/L)	24 ± 5	98 ± 6^*	94 ± 15^*	96 ± 11^*	61 ± 6^*†‡§	63 ± 3^*†‡§
BUN (mmol/L)	6.5 ± 1.6	14.5 ± 4.7^*	13.9 ± 4.5^*	14.0 ± 3.5^*	9.3 ± 2.3^*†‡§	9.6 ± 4.2^*†‡§
CYC (mg/L)	1.35 ± 0.16	2.42 ± 0.27^*	2.5 ± 0.15^*	2.4 ± 0.24^*	1.71 ± 0.10^*†‡§	1.87 ± 0.14^*†‡§
TNF-α (pg/ml)	47.6 ± 1.0	121.0 ± 6.8^*	114.9 ± 10.1^*	120.2 ± 11.2^*	80.5 ± 5.4^*†‡§	84.8 ± 7.7^*†‡§
IL-6 (pg/ml)	36 ± 6	108 ± 9^*	98 ± 6^*	96 ± 4^*	67 ± 6^*†‡§	71 ± 6^*†‡§
IL-10 (pg/ml)	19 ± 6	57 ± 12^*	57 ± 11^*	67 ± 7^*	85 ± 10^*†‡§	83 ± 7^*†‡§
MDA (nmol/mg)	1.32 ± 0.19	2.05 ± 0.31^*	1.91 ± 0.35^*	1.98 ± 0.32^*	1.61 ± 0.28^*†‡§	1.62 ± 0.17^*†‡§
SOD (U/mg)	117 ± 10	78 ± 12^*	79 ± 13^*	80 ± 17^*	97 ± 7^*†‡§	98 ± 10^*†‡§

Serum concentrations of creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), cystatin c (CYC), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, and renal tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in rats in the sham (S), I/R, intralipid (I) and EIso groups (EIso 1, 2 or 4 ml/kg). Serum Cr, BUN, CYC, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 concentrations and renal tissue MDA content were significantly increased, and renal tissue SOD activity was markedly decreased after kidneys subjected to 45 min ischemia and 3 h reperfusion compared with the sham group. Compared with the I/R, intralipid and 1 ml/kg EIso groups, serum Cr, BUN, CYC, TNF-α, IL-6 levels and renal tissue MDA content were significantly reduced, and serum IL-10 level and renal tissue SOD activity were markedly increased after 2 or 4 ml/kg EIso pretreatment. Data represent mean ± SD. ^*P < 0.05 compared to S, ^†P < 0.05 compared to I/R, ^‡P < 0.05 compared to I, ^§P < 0.05 compared to EIso 1 ml/kg.

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