Sex differences in pain catastrophizing and its relation to the transition from acute pain to chronic pain

BMC Anesthesiology

Table 2 Regression analysis on the association between pain catastrophizing and pain chronification corrected for gender

Pain chronification (NRS ≧ 1 at day 90)
	Odds ratio	95% CI		P-value
PCS	1.13	1.05	1.21	0.001
Gender	1.62	1.05	2.48	0.028
Age	1.02	1.01	1.04	0.006
Depression	1.00	0.54	1.84	0.999
Pre-existent chronic pain	1.52	0.86	2.68	0.149
Alcohol consumption	0.69	0.43	1.10	0.122
Low education	REF0	REF	REF	REF
Intermediate education	0.14	0.04	0.44	0.001
High education	0.25	0.08	0.82	0.025
Smoking	1.07	0.53	2.14	0.853
Pain chronification (NRS 4 at day 90)
PCS	1.10	1.04	1.18	0.002
Gender	1.52	0.98	2.36	0.064
Age	1.02	1.01	1.04	0.004
Depression	0.74	0.40	1.38	0.344
Pre-existent chronic pain	1.73	0.99	3.00	0.054
Alcohol consumption	0.87	0.58	1.31	0.509
Low education	REF0	REF	REF	REF
Intermediate education	0.34	0.09	1.26	0.113
High education	0.57	0.14	2.34	0.439
Smoking	1.21	0.64	2.29	0.555

Pain catastrophizing was significantly associated with chronification of pain. We corrected for multiple possible confounders
Education level was self-reported by the patient. Low level of education: primary school, Pre-vocational secondary education, Secondary vocational education level 1 Or completion of the first three years of Senior general secondary education or Pre-university education
Intermediate level of education: graduation on senior general secondary education, pre-university education, secondary vocational education level 2-4
High level of education: Graduation at least university of applied sciences
A chi-squared test was conducted for categorical data. Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was conducted for numerical, non-normally distributed data
NRS: Numeric Rating Scale, PCS: Pain Catastrophizing Scale, CI: Confidence interval

ISSN: 1471-2253