Table 3 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses conducted to determine the perioperative risk factors for prolonged EEx in patients who underwent elective valve surgery with CPB

Patient characteristics

Male

0.869 (0.557, 1.356)

0.536

/

/

Age(y)

1.079 (1.053, 1.105)

< 0.001

1.060 (1.017, 1.106)

0.006

BMI

0.972 (0.904, 1.045)

0.443

/

/

Hypertension

0.996 (0.530, 1.871)

0.989

/

/

COPD

1.757 (0.744, 4.151)

0.199

/

/

History of smoking

0.893 (0.543, 1.468)

0.655

/

/

Diabetes

1.640 (0.597, 4.505)

0.338

/

/

Preoperative factors

ASA classification

4.191 (1.680, 10.455)

0.002

1.386 (0.303, 6.342)

0.674

EF(%)

0.791 (0.751, 0.832)

< 0.001

0.798 (0.742, 0.859)

< 0.001

GFR (ml/min*1.73m²)

0.937 (0.921, 0.954)

< 0.001

0.933 (0.906, 0.961)

< 0.001

Hb (g/L)

0.992 (0.980, 1.005)

0.223

/

/

PaCO2 (mmHg)

0.974 (0.936, 1.013)

0.190

/

/

PaO2 (mmHg)

0.984 (0.958, 1.011)

0.242

/

/

Glucose (mmol/L)

1.092 (0.926, 1.287)

0.295

/

/

PLT (10⁹/L)

1.000 (0.997, 1.004)

0.818

/

/

Intraoperative factors

Mitral valve stenosis classification

1.296 (1.068, 1.571)

0.009

0.793 (0.434, 1.450)

0.452

Mitral valve regurgitation classification

1.335 (1.077, 1.656)

0.008

1.005 (0.631, 1.599)

0.984

Aortic valve stenosis classification

0.996 (0.835, 1.188)

0.962

/

/

Aortic valve regurgitation classification

1.245 (0.969, 1.600)

0.087

/

/

Isolated mitral valve repair

0.664 (0.303, 1.455)

0.306

/

/

Isolated mitral valve replacement

3.062 (1.839, 5.100)

< 0.001

4.274 (0.771, 23.700)

0.097

Isolated aortic valve replacement

1.482 (0.938, 2.343)

0.092

/

/

Multiple valves surgery

5.634 (2.809, 11.301)

< 0.001

4.587 (1.398, 15.056)

0.012

Tricuspid valve repair

2.059 (1.263, 3.358)

< 0.004

0.604 (0.173, 2.113)

0.430

Maze

3.162 (1.936, 5.163)

< 0.001

1.490 (0.555, 4.003)

0.429

Pacemaker implantation

2.573 (1.405, 4.713)

0.002

0.981 (0.332, 2.899)

0.972

Ultrafiltration > 500 ml

1.304 (0.836, 2.033)

0.242

/

/

ACC time > 90 min

2.154 (1.368, 3.391)

0.001

1.192 (0.382, 3.719)

0.762

CPB time > 142 min

2.748 (1.727, 4.373)

< 0.001

1.132 (0.341, 3.753)

0.840

Lowest hemoglobin(g/L)

0.993 (0.971, 1.016)

0.548

/

/

Highest Lac (mmol/L)

1.693 (1.363, 2.101)

< 0.001

1.252 (0.881, 1.780)

0.210

Highest glucose (mmol/L)

1.048 (0.972, 1.131)

0.219

/

/

Hemorrhage > 450 ml

2.839 (1.690, 4.770)

< 0.001

1.975 (0.758, 5.148)

0.164

Crystolloid infusion (ml)

1.000 (1.000, 1.001)

0.209

/

/

Colloid infusion (ml)

1.000 (0.998, 1.001)

0.805

/

/

VIS > 16.5

19.139 (10.128, 36.164)

< 0.001

12.331 (5.015, 30.318)

< 0.001