Table 1 Patient demographics and preoperative data

Time to extubation(h)

14.6 ± 18.0

7.1 ± 0.6

17.7 ± 20.6

Patient characteristics

Male

160 (42.2%)

50 (44.6%)

110 (41.2%)

Age (y)

56.2 ± 10.9

50.4 ± 11.1

58.6 ± 9.8

BMI

22.8 ± 3.0

23.0 ± 3.0

22.7 ± 3.0

Hypertension

54 (14.2%)

16 (14.3%)

38 (14.2%)

COPD

35 (9.3%)

7 (6.3%)

28 (10.5%)

History of smoking

99 (26.1%)

31 (27.7%)

68 (25.5%)

Diabetes

24 (6.3%)

5 (4.5%)

19 (7.1%)

Preoperative factors

ASA classification

(II/ III/ IV)

16/ 351/ 12

(4.2%/92.6%/3.2%)

9/103/0

(8.0%/ 92.0%/0)

7/248/12

(2.6%/92.9%/4.5%)

EF(%)

53.5 ± 7.7

60.1 ± 5.6

50.7 ± 6.7

GFR (ml/min*1.73m²)

71.2 ± 16.4

82.1 ± 19.7

66.7 ± 12.3

Hb (g/L)

126.5 ± 18.0

128.2 ± 16.4

125.8 ± 18.5

PaO2 (mmHg)

81.1 ± 8.5

81.8 ± 7.4

80.7 ± 8.9

PaCO2 (mmHg)

42.4 ± 5.6

43.0 ± 5.7

42.1 ± 5.5

Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)

5.4 ± 1.4

5.3 ± 1.0

5.5 ± 1.6

PLT (10⁹/L)

178.0 ± 62.6

176.8 ± 62.3

178.4 ± 62.9

Intraoperative factors

Mitral valve stenosis classification

(none/mild/moderate/severe)

81/73/95/130

(21.4%/19.3%/25.1%/34.3%)

38/16/24/34

(33.9%/14.3%/21.4%/30.4%)

43/57/71/96

(16.1%/21.3%/26.6%/36.0%)

Mitral valve regurgitation classification (none/mild/moderate/severe)

46/94/110/129

(12.1%/24.8%/29.0%/34.0%)

19/34/28/31

(17.0%/30.4%/25.0%/27.7%)

27/60/82/98

(10.1%/22.5%/30.7%/36.7%)

Aortic valve stenosis classification

(none/mild/moderate/severe)

207/46/40/86

(54.6%/12.1%/10.6%/22.7%)

55/25/7/25

(49.1%/22.3%/6.3%/22.3%)

152/21/33/61

(56.9%/7.9%/12.4%/22.8%)

Aortic valve regurgitation classification (none/mild/moderate/severe)

151/144/54/30

(39.8%/38.0%/14.2%/7.9%)

55/33/18/6

(49.1%/29.5%/16.1%/5.4%)

96/111/36/24

(36.0%/41.6%/13.5%/9.0%)

Isolated mitral valve repair

29 (7.7%)

11 (9.8%)

18 (6.7%)

Isolated mitral valve replacement

298 (78.6%)

72 (64.3%)

226 (84.6%)

Isolated aortic valve replacement

157 (41.4%)

39 (34.8%)

118 (44.2%)

Multiple valve surgery

105 (27.7%)

10 (8.9%)

95 (35.6%)

Tricuspid valve repair

285 (75.2%)

73 (65.2%)

212 (79.4%)

Maze

165 (43.5%)

28 (25.0%)

137 (51.3%)

Pacemaker implantation

91 (24.0%)

15 (13.4%)

76 (28.5%)

Ultrafiltration (ml)

775.4 ± 968.3

624.5 ± 831.6

838.7 ± 1015.0

ACC time (min)

100.7 ± 33.0

87.1 ± 26.1

106.5 ± 34.0

CPB time (min)

151.4 ± 41.3

132.5 ± 32.3

159.3 ± 42.1

Lowest Hb(g/L)

71.2 ± 9.9

71.6 ± 7.9

71.0 ± 10.6

Highest Lac (mmol/L)

3.4 ± 1.6

2.8 ± 1.0

3.7 ± 1.8

Highest blood glucose (mmol/L)

9.8 ± 3.0

9.5 ± 2.7

9.9 ± 3.2

Hemorrhage (ml)

457.0 ± 94.3

419.2 ± 59.4

472.9 ± 101.5

Crystolloid infusion (ml)

932.3 ± 323.8

900.0 ± 298.6

945.9 ± 333.4

Colloid infusion (ml)

438.8 ± 140.0

441.5 ± 128.0

437.6 ± 144.8

VIS

18.4 ± 7.5

13.9 ± 2.2

20.3 ± 8.0