Table 1 Summary statistics of patient clinical characteristics

Age, (year)

49.0 (35.0,62.0)

47.0 (31.8,60.0)

54.0 (44.8,65.0)

50.0 (36.0,62.0)

48.0 (34.0,61.0)

56.5 (46.8,65.2)

0.342

BMI, (kg/m²)

26.6 (22.8,31.4)

26.5 (23.2,30.9)

27.3 (22.5,32.2)

27.5 (23.6,32.3)

27.4 (23.4,32.0)

28.2 (24.0,32.4)

0.119

Male, n (%)

236 (50.9%)

161 (46.8%)

75 (62.5%)

128 (62.4%)

96 (64.4%)

32 (57.1%)

0.007

Ethnicity, n (%)

0.309

Caucasian

266 (57.3%)

195 (56.7%)

71 (59.2%)

128 (62.4%)

96 (64.4%)

32 (57.1%)

African American

108 (23.3%)

92 (26.7%)

16 (13.3%)

44 (21.5%)

33 (22.1%)

11 (19.6%)

Latin American

15 (3.23%)

21 (6.10%)

5 (4.17%)

3 (1.46%)

4 (2.68%)

2 (3.57%)

Asian

26 (5.60%)

10 (2.91%)

5 (4.17%)

6 (2.93%)

3 (2.01%)

0 (0.00%)

Other

49 (10.6%)

26 (7.56%)

23 (19.2%)

24 (11.7%)

13 (8.72%)

11 (19.6%)

DM type, n (%)

0.003

T1DM

265 (57.1%)

205 (59.6%)

60 (50.0%)

97 (47.3%)

82 (55.0%)

15 (26.8%)

T2DM

88 (19.0%)

61 (17.7%)

27 (22.5%)

63 (30.7%)

45 (30.2%)

18 (32.1%)

Unknown

111 (23.9%)

78 (22.7%)

33 (27.5%)

45 (22.0%)

22 (14.8%)

23 (41.1%)

DKA stage

0.016

Mild

275 (59.3%)

211 (61.3%)

64 (53.3%)

144 (70.2%)

108 (72.5%)

36 (64.3%)

Moderate

106 (22.8%)

68 (19.8%)

38 (31.7%)

39 (19.0%)

25 (16.8%)

14 (25.0%)

Severe

83 (17.9%)

65 (18.9%)

18 (15.0%)

22 (10.7%)

16 (10.7%)

6 (10.7%)

Emergency admission, n (%)

304 (65.5%)

226 (65.7%)

78 (65.0%)

137 (66.8%)

107 (71.8%)

30 (53.6%)

0.809

Medical History, n (%)

Congestive heart failure

83 (17.9%)

50 (14.5%)

33 (27.5%)

37 (18.0%)

19 (12.8%)

18 (32.1%)

1.000

Myocardial infarct

78 (16.8%)

37 (10.8%)

41 (34.2%)

36 (17.6%)

22 (14.8%)

14 (25.0%)

0.899

Peripheral vascular disease

36 (7.76%)

23 (6.69%)

13 (10.8%)

17 (8.29%)

11 (7.38%)

6 (10.7%)

0.936

Cerebrovascular disease

30 (6.47%)

12 (3.49%)

18 (15.0%)

14 (6.83%)

2 (1.34%)

12 (21.4%)

0.995

Chronic pulmonary disease

60 (12.9%)

41 (11.9%)

19 (15.8%)

31 (15.1%)

16 (10.7%)

15 (26.8%)

0.522

Renal disease

108 (23.3%)

74 (21.5%)

34 (28.3%)

63 (30.7%)

42 (28.2%)

21 (37.5%)

0.052

Malignant cancer

16 (3.45%)

12 (3.49%)

4 (3.33%)

14 (6.83%)

11 (7.38%)

3 (5.36%)

0.081

RR, (breaths/min)

20.0 (16.0,24.0)

20.0 (16.0,23.2)

20.5 (17.8,26.2)

20.0 (16.0,24.0)

19.0 (16.0,23.0)

20.0 (18.0,24.0)

0.460

HR, (beats/min)

100 (88.0,114)

101 (88.0,113)

99.0 (85.8,115)

98.0 (89.0,108)

98.0 (87.0,108)

100 (92.0,109)

0.242

Temperature, (°C)

36.8 (36.6,37.1)

36.8 (36.6,37.1)

36.8 (36.4,37.1)

36.9 (36.6,37.2)

36.8 (36.6,37.1)

37.1 (36.7,37.4)

0.199

MAP, (mmHg)

85.0 (73.0,96.0)

87.0 (74.0,96.0)

81.5 (70.8,97.0)

88.0 (76.0,99.0)

89.0 (77.0,100)

86.0 (70.0,99.0)

0.097

UO, (ml)

2238 (1324,3550)

2335 (1448,3700)

1870 (939,2778)

2165 (1358,3010)

2250 (1385,3390)

1802 (1184,2540)

0.137

GCS

15.0 (14.0,15.0)

15.0 (14.0,15.0)

13.0 (9.00,14.0)

14.0 (13.0,15.0)

15.0 (14.0,15.0)

13.0 (12.0,14.0)

0.323

SOFA

3.00 (1.00,5.00)

2.00 (1.00,3.25)

6.00 (4.00,10.0)

3.00 (2.00,5.00)

3.00 (1.00,4.00)

7.00 (3.00,9.00)

0.152

LODS

3.00 (1.00,5.00)

3.00 (1.00,4.00)

6.00 (4.00,9.00)

4.00 (2.00,6.00)

3.00 (1.00,5.00)

6.00 (3.75,8.25)

0.206

OASIS

26.0 (21.8,33.0)

24.0 (20.0,29.0)

34.0 (29.0,41.0)

26.0 (21.0,33.0)

24.0 (20.0,29.0)

35.5 (27.5,42.2)

0.812

SAPSII

28.0 (20.0,38.0)

25.0 (18.0,34.0)

38.0 (30.0,47.0)

28.0 (21.0,40.0)

24.0 (19.0,34.0)

38.0 (27.0,50.0)

0.631

APSIII

46.0 (36.0,59.0)

44.0 (34.0,53.2)

58.0 (43.0,72.2)

46.0 (37.0,57.0)

43.0 (34.0,53.0)

55.0 (47.0,73.2)

0.884

CCI

4.00 (2.00,7.00)

3.00 (2.00,6.00)

5.00 (3.00,8.00)

5.00 (2.00,7.00)

4.00 (2.00,7.00)

7.00 (4.00,8.00)

0.096

WBC, (10⁹/L)

14.0 (10.1,18.8)

13.7 (9.58,17.9)

14.8 (12.0,20.2)

13.3 (9.20,18.2)

12.9 (9.00,18.2)

14.6 (10.9,18.5)

0.188

Platelets, (10⁹/L)

218 (169,274)

222 (176,275)

208 (146,273)

215 (160,264)

215 (167,269)

198 (139,261)

0.363

Hematocrit, (%)

32.1 (28.4,36.1)

32.5 (28.9,36.3)

31.6 (26.7,35.8)

32.0 (27.2,36.7)

32.7 (27.8,37.2)

30.8 (26.1,35.6)

0.833

RDW, (%)

13.6 (12.8,14.5)

13.5 (12.7,14.5)

13.8 (13.1,14.5)

13.8 (13.0,15.3)

13.7 (12.9,14.7)

14.1 (13.2,16.1)

0.017

Hemoglobin, (g/dL)

10.8 (9.30,12.1)

11.0 (9.40,12.3)

10.4 (8.78,11.8)

10.8 (8.90,12.3)

11.1 (9.30,12.5)

9.95 (8.40,11.9)

0.981

AG, (mmol/L)

26.0 (21.0,33.0)

26.0 (22.0,33.0)

27.0 (21.0,33.0)

25.0 (21.0,30.0)

26.0 (22.0,31.0)

23.0 (20.0,27.0)

0.198

Lactate, (mmol/L)

2.20 (1.50,3.40)

2.10 (1.50,3.20)

2.60 (1.67,4.00)

2.20 (1.60,3.60)

2.10 (1.60,3.20)

2.35 (1.60,4.40)

0.990

Bicarbonate, (mmol/L)

13.0 (8.00,17.0)

13.0 (8.00,17.0)

13.0 (8.00,18.0)

14.0 (10.0,18.0)

13.0 (10.0,18.0)

15.0 (11.0,19.0)

0.010

Chloride, (mmol/L)

109 (105,114)

109 (105,114)

109 (105,114)

108 (104,112)

108 (104,112)

108 (106,114)

0.041

Sodium min, (mmol/L)

133 (130,137)

133 (130,136)

134 (130,139)

133 (129,136)

133 (128,135)

134 (129,141)

0.305

Sodium max, (mmol/L)

140 (137,143)

140 (138,143)

142 (137,145)

139 (137,143)

139 (137,142)

142 (137,144)

0.065

Potassium min, (mmol/L)

3.60 (3.20,3.90)

3.60 (3.27,3.90)

3.50 (3.17,4.00)

3.70 (3.30,4.00)

3.70 (3.30,4.00)

3.50 (3.30,3.80)

0.141

Potassium max, (mmol/L)

5.00 (4.40,5.70)

5.00 (4.40,5.70)

5.00 (4.40,5.62)

5.10 (4.40,6.00)

5.10 (4.50,6.00)

4.90 (4.30,5.88)

0.254

Calcium, (mg/dL)

7.80 (7.40,8.33)

7.85 (7.40,8.30)

7.80 (7.20,8.40)

7.90 (7.50,8.30)

8.00 (7.60,8.40)

7.70 (7.20,8.20)

0.238

Glucose min, (mg/dL)

95.0 (73.0,120)

94.0 (72.0,118)

99.5 (78.0,129)

96.0 (76.0,122)

93.0 (76.0,125)

99.0 (76.0,120)

0.726

Glucose max, (mg/dL)

360 (293,460)

352 (290,446)

386 (324,492)

373 (302,468)

364 (297,453)

394 (322,484)

0.507

Creatinine, (mg/dL)

1.40 (1.00,2.10)

1.30 (0.97,1.90)

1.80 (1.20,3.05)

1.50 (1.00,2.30)

1.30 (1.00,2.10)

1.75 (1.30,2.85)

0.297

BUN, (mg/dL)

26.0 (16.0,45.0)

25.0 (14.0,39.0)

38.5 (19.8,60.0)

31.0 (18.0,51.0)

27.0 (17.0,46.0)

39.0 (22.8,60.5)

0.052

POP, (mOsm/kg)

294 (287,302)

294 (287,302)

297 (286,308)

293 (286,301)

292 (286,300)

295 (290,303)

0.194

PH

7.27 (7.15,7.33)

7.27 (7.16,7.33)

7.24 (7.13,7.33)

7.29 (7.20,7.35)

7.29 (7.21,7.36)

7.28 (7.20,7.34)

0.004

Complication, n (%)

Suspected infection

259 (55.8%)

162 (47.1%)

97 (80.8%)

117 (57.1%)

66 (44.3%)

51 (91.1%)

0.828

HHS

154 (33.2%)

106 (30.8%)

48 (40.0%)

57 (27.8%)

37 (24.8%)

20 (35.7%)

0.197

AKI

0.658

Stage 0-I

342 (73.7%)

294 (85.5%)

48 (40.0%)

147 (71.7%)

127 (85.2%)

20 (35.7%)

Stage II-III

122 (26.3%)

50 (14.5%)

72 (60.0%)

58 (28.3%)

22 (14.8%)

36 (64.3%)

Treatment, n (%)

CRRT

12 (2.59%)

2 (0.58%)

10 (8.33%)

3 (1.46%)

1 (0.67%)

2 (3.57%)

0.572

Mechanical ventilation

64 (13.8%)

16 (4.65%)

48 (40.0%)

32 (15.6%)

8 (5.37%)

24 (42.9%)

0.618

Vasoactive agent

64 (13.8%)

16 (4.65%)

48 (40.0%)

33 (16.1%)

7 (4.70%)

26 (46.4%)

0.508

Heparin

365 (78.7%)

280 (81.4%)

85 (70.8%)

160 (78.0%)

120 (80.5%)

40 (71.4%)

0.939

Insulin, (U)

71.6 (33.8,118)

66.9 (32.2,111)

84.7 (38.7,181)

67.1 (33.2,115)

62.3 (33.0,98.5)

101 (57.0,169)

0.751

Infusion volume, (ml)

6017 (4053,8369)

5771 (3990,7869)

6792 (4256,10006)

5856 (3925,8414)

5663 (3762,8118)

6549 (4323,8900)

0.939