Table 1 Comparison of the baseline clinical characteristics between No moderate-to-severe-pain group and Moderate-to-severe-pain group in the PACU
Variables | No moderate-to-severe-pain | Moderate-to-severe-pain | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
Number | 22,284 | 316 | |
Age, mean ± SD | 58.70 ± 13.30 | 63.03 ± 11.06 | <0.001 |
Gender, n(%) | <0.001 | ||
Male | 10,576(47.5%) | 229(72.5%) | |
Female | 11,708(52.5%) | 87(27.5%) | |
ASA classification, n(%) | 0.027 | ||
I | 2150(9.6%) | 27(8.5%) | |
II | 18,020(80.9%) | 245(77.5%) | |
III | 2114(9.5%) | 44(13.9%) | |
Preoperative pain, n(%) | 3823 (17.2%) | 63 (19.9%) | 0.190 |
Type of surgery, n(%) | <0.001 | ||
Head or face surgery | 1596(7.2%) | 8(2.5%) | |
Thyroid or breast surgery | 3313(14.9%) | 9(2.8%) | |
Thoracic surgery | 4890(21.9%) | 67(21.2%) | |
Abdominal surgery | 12,362(55.5%) | 231(73.1%) | |
Limb surgery | 123(0.6%) | 1(0.3%) | |
Postoperative use of PCA, n(%) | 12,767(57.3%) | 233(73.7%) | <0.001 |
Intraoperative adjuvant medication, n(%) | |||
Dexmedetomidine | 5271(23.7%) | 96(30.4%) | 0.005 |
Opioid Agonists | 19,546(87.7%) | 261(82.6%) | 0.006 |
Opioid Agonists and Antagonists | 7610(34.2%) | 101(32.0%) | 0.42 |
NSAIDS | 12,770(57.3%) | 125(39.6%) | <0.001 |
Epidural analgesia, n(%) | 6944 (31.2%) | 25 (7.9%) | <0.001 |
Regional block analgesia, n(%) | 658(3.0%) | 6(1.9%) | 0.27 |
Duration of anaesthesia | 172.38 ± 98.30 | 213.57 ± 91.49 | <0.001 |
Intraoperative massive haemorrhage, n(%) | 529(2.4%) | 19(6.0%) | <0.001 |
PACU vomiting, n(%) | 306(1.4%) | 40(12.7%) | <0.001 |
Hypothermia, n(%) | 2723(12.2%) | 70(22.2%) | <0.001 |