Figure 4

Changes in adrenaline (Ad), noradrenaline (NAd), and dopamine (DOA). Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Changes from the baseline (ANES start) values were different (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01) between the groups using unpaired t-test. Mean value was different (^# P < 0.05, ^## P < 0.01) than at baseline within the same group using dunnett test. ANES start: Just before drug consumption for induction of anesthesia. TA: Tourniquet application. Standard value: Ad (<100 pg/mL), NAd (140–450 pg/mL), DOA (< 20 pg/mL).