Effects of Different Doses of Magnesium Sulfate on Pneumoperitoneum-related Hemodynamic Changes in Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Laparoscopy

Background The infusion of magnesium sulfate is well known to reduce arterial pressure and attenuate hemodynamic response to pneumoperitoneum. This study aimed to investigate whether different doses of magnesium sulfate can effectively attenuate the pneumoperitoneum-related hemodynamic changes and the release of vasopressin in patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery. Methods Sixty-nine patients undergoing laparoscopic partial gastrectomy were randomized into three groups: group L received magnesium sulfate 30 mg/kg loading dose and 15 mg/kg/h continuous maintenance infusion for 1 h; group H received magnesium sulfate 50 mg/kg followed by 30 mg/kg/h for 1 h; and group S (control group) received same volume 0.9% saline infusion, immediately before the induction of pneumoperitoneum. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR), cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), serum vasopressin and magnesium concentrations were measured. The extubation time, visual analogue scale were also assessed. The primary outcome is the difference in SVR between different groups. The secondary outcome is the differences of other indicators between groups, such as CO, MAP, HR, vasopressin and postoperative pain score. Results Pneumoperitoneum instantly resulted in a signicant reduction of cardiac output and an increase in mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and heart rate in the control group (P < 0.01). The mean arterial pressure (T2 – T4), systemic vascular resistance (T2 – T3) and the level of serum vasopressin were signicantly lower (P < 0.05) and the cardiac output (T2 – T3) was signicantly higher (P < 0.05) in group H than those in the control group. The mean arterial pressure (T4) and systemic vascular resistance (T2) were signicantly lower in group H than those in group L (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the visual analogue scales at 5 min and 20 min, the level of vasopressin, and the dosage of remifentanil were signicantly decreased in group H compared to the control group and group L (P


Background
Although laparoscopic abdominal surgery has signi cant advantages, such as less trauma and faster recovery, the hemodynamic changes induced by pneumoperitoneum and the reverse Trendelenburg position are still challenges for anesthesia management during the surgery. The hemodynamic changes are characterized by abrupt elevations of arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance. Besides the increase of intra-abdominal pressure, the increased levels of vasopressin, catecholamines, renin, and angiotensin are likely to be the reasons for these hemodynamic changes [1,2]. These severe hemodynamic changes may have a signi cant impact on the perioperative status of the patient, especially in elderly patients with existing cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is crucial to use safe and effective drugs for maintaining hemodynamic stability during abdominal laparoscopy in such patients.
Magnesium sulfate is a well-known safe antihypertensive drug, which can be used during the perioperative period [3]. It can effectively attenuate the adverse hemodynamics uctuations during laparoscopy, prevent the adverse cardiovascular events during laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation [4,5], reduce the stress response, and strengthen the postoperative analgesia [6]. Furthermore, it was reported that high doses of intravenous magnesium sulfate could attenuate increased blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance [1,4]. Although magnesium sulfate is believed to improve the cardiac output (CO) by reducing peripheral resistance, there is no available direct hemodynamic monitoring method to prove this effect.
We designed a double blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial to investigate the possible association between the effects of magnesium sulfate and hemodynamic changes by using a FloTrac/Vigileo Monitoring System (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine,CA,USA), which can monitor the CO, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR), and to determine the relationship between magnesium sulfate and vasopressin.

Participants and Study Design
The study was performed after receiving written informed consent from all participants. All study procedures were approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the A liated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China (the reference number: XYFY2017-KL005-01, approval date: DECEMB ER 18, 2017). The present trial was prospectively registered prior to the rst patient enrolment at http://www.chictr.org.cn (the registration number is ChiCTR-IPD-17011145, Principal investigator: D.Y. Q., date of registration: April 13, 2017).

Patient Management
Sixty-nine American Society of Anesthesiologists grade I and II patients, aged 30-65 years, undergoing laparoscopic partial gastrectomy with carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum, were enrolled in this study. Patients with hypermagnesemia, known allergy to magnesium sulfate, unstable blood pressure (hypertension or hypotension), poor left ventricular function, morbid obesity, and severe hepatic, renal, endocrine, or cardiac dysfunction were excluded from the study. The Ethical Committee of the a liated hospital of Xuzhou medical college approved the study (No: XYFY2017-KL005-01) and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study was registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry; the registration number is ChiCTR-IPD-17011145.
Peripheral, central venous, and arterial cannulations were performed on the patients, under local anesthesia on arrival at the operation theatre. Electrocardiogram, oximetry, intra-arterial blood pressure, and central venous pressure were monitored. The participants were premedicated with midazolam, 1-2 mg intravenously, 10 minutes before the induction of anesthesia. The anesthesia was induced intravenously using etomidate 0.25 mg/kg and sufentanil 0.5 μg/kg. Endotracheal intubation was facilitated by administering the muscle relaxant cisatracurium 0.3 mg/kg intravenously. The initial tidal volume was 8-10 ml/kg at a respiratory rate of 12 breaths per minute. Ventilation was adjusted to maintain the end-tidal carbon dioxide at 35 to 45 mmHg. After 10 minutes of stable cardiovascular variables, HR, MAP, CO, and SVR were measured using the FloTrac/Vigileo Monitoring System. The persons who prepared and dispensed the drugs did not participate in the monitoring of hemodynamic parameters. Immediately before the pneumoperitoneum, the participants were assigned (using a computer derived random number sequence) to one of the three groups. Group L received magnesium sulfate 30 mg/kg in 20 ml of normal saline over 5 min intravenously as a bolus dose followed by 15 mg/kg/h in 20 ml of normal saline as continuous maintenance infusion for 1 h; group H received magnesium sulfate 50 mg/kg in 20 ml of normal saline over 5 min as a bolus dose followed by 30 mg/kg/h in 20 ml of normal saline as continuous maintenance infusion for 1 h; and group S (control group) received 20 ml 0.9% saline infusion as bolus dose followed by 20 ml/h continuous maintenance infusion for 1 h, immediately before the induction of pneumoperitoneum.
Anesthesia was maintained in all groups by propofol (4 -6 mg/kg/h) and remifentanil (0.25 -0.35 μg/kg/min) administered intravenously. During the maintenance, bispectral index (BIS) values, determined by Conview TM Depth of Anesthesia Monitor (Pearlcare Medical, Zhejiang, China), were maintained at 45 -60. In addition, the degree of muscle relaxation was monitored with the TOF-GUARD muscle relaxometer (Organon Teknika, Turnhout, Belgium), and the intraoperative train-of-four was maintained at <25%. When the myokymia was restored to 25% during the operation, 0.05 mg/kg cisatracurium was administered intravenously. Esophageal temperature was maintained using a heated blanket. The propofol and remifentanil infusions were stopped at the end of surgery, followed by intravenous administration of atropine sulfate 0.02 mg/kg and neostigmine 0.04 mg/kg for reversal of muscle relaxation, and extubation.
In cases of acute and severe hemodynamic uctuations, the following medical interventions were performed: for bradycardia (heart rate <45 beats/min), an intravenous bolus dose of 0.6 mg atropine was administered; for hypotension (MAP < 60 mmHg), the rate of infusion of intravenous uid was increased and/or an intravenous bolus dose of 50 ug phenylephrine was administered; and for hypertension (MAP > 110 mmHg) an intravenous bolus dose of 5 mg urapidil was administered. The data from the subjects who required vasoactive drugs during the surgery were excluded from the subsequent analysis.

The primary and secondary outcome
The primary outcome is the difference in SVR between different groups. The secondary outcome is the differences of other indicators between groups, such as CO, MAP, HR, vasopressin and postoperative pain score.

FloTrac/Vigileo Monitoring System
The system is a minimally invasive continuous CO monitoring system based on arterial pressure waveform analysis. The catheter inserted into the radial artery was connected to the transducer of third-generation FloTrac/Vigileo system, which updated the MAP, HR, and CO every 20 seconds. The SVR can be continuously measured or calculated based on the patients' information about age, gender, height , weight and the data on central venous pressure (CVP).

Surgical technique
The operations were performed in a standard group by a single surgeon. Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum was established in the patient in supine position, using a Verres needle. The pneumoperitoneal pressure was maintained at 15 mmHg throughout the laparoscopic procedure. According to the surgical requirements, all the patients were positioned in a head-up tilt of about 30°. Before the rst hemodynamic measurement, 8-10 ml/kg of compound electrolyte solution was given intravenously to maintain the stroke volume variation at less than 13%. Sodium lactate ringer solution and hydroxyethyl starch (6 ml/kg/h, crystallographic ratio 1: 1) were intravenously infused based on the loss of body uids during the operation. In order to fully observe the effect of magnesium sulfate on pneumoperitoneum, if the pneumoperitoneum duration in a participant was less than two hours, then the data of the corresponding participant were removed from the nal analysis.

Evaluation of the outcome variables
The hemodynamic parameters of the three groups were recorded using the FloTrac/

Statistical analysis
A sample size calculation was performed using PASS (Version 11.0; NCSS, USA) using a one-way analysis of variance. According to preliminary testing, we assumed that the mean SVR in Group S, Group L, Group H respectively are 2043, 1893, 1697, and the variability (SD) of the SVR of the three groups are 304, 297, 322. On the basis of a 0.05 level of signi cance with a power of 0.90, we sought to enroll at least 21 patients per group in the investigation to achieve su cient statistical power. To compensate for the lack of 10% follow-up data, we aimed to recruit 23 patients per group.
Quantitative data were described as means ± standard deviation. The data among the three study groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc least signi cant difference (LSD) test as appropriate. For serially measured values, repeated-measures ANOVA and post hoc LSD tests were used to assess the trends in changes of serial values and interaction of trends between the groups. Comparison of continuous variables with baseline values were analyzed using student's t-test in each group. Categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square ( 2 ) test. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically signi cant.

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The distribution of patients in the three study groups is shown in Table 1. All groups were comparable with respect to age, body weight, height, duration of surgery and pneumoperitoneum (h). The baseline MAP, HR, CO, SVR, and vasopressin were similar in all groups (Table 1). Three patients in the control group and two patients in group L required pharmacological management for hypertension. In addition, patients with pneumoperitoneum duration of < 2 h (one in magnesium group L and two in group H) were excluded. None of the patients in our study had bradycardia, while only one participant in group H had transient hypotension and improved after treatment with phenylephrine. Statistical analyses were performed with the remaining data. (Fig. 1) There was no signi cant difference in serum magnesium concentrations among the three groups at baseline. The average serum magnesium concentration level of group H was slightly higher than 2 mmol/l. Serum magnesium concentration level in group H rapidly increased to 2.01 ± 0.13 mmol/l (P <0.01, compared with baseline value) at T3, then dropped to 1.38 ± 0.13 mmol/l at T7. In contrast, in group L, the level of serum magnesium concentration was 1.50 ± 0.11 mmol/l at T3, and it dropped to the same level as baseline at T7.
Compared to group L, the serum magnesium concentration level was signi cantly (P < 0.01) higher at T3 and T7 in group H ( Table 2).
The changes in hemodynamic parameters are shown in Tables 3 to 6.
Pneumoperitoneum instantly resulted in a signi cant reduction of CO and an increase in MAP, SVR, and HR in the control group (P < 0.01). Patients in group H showed stable levels of CO, SVR, and MAP. Compared to the control group, MAP (T2-T4) and SVR (T2-T3)were signi cantly lower in group H (P < 0.05), while the CO (T2-T3) was higher (P < 0.05). Compared to group L patients, MAP (T4) and SVR (T2) were signi cantly lower in group H (P < 0.05). There was no signi cant difference in HR between the three groups at each time point. (Fig. 2).
The changes in plasma vasopressin concentrations are shown in Table 7.
Compared with the baseline values, the level of vasopressin increased signi cantly in the control group and group L at T3 (P < 0.01). The level of vasopressin was signi cantly lower at T3 (P < 0.01) in group H compared to the control group and group L. (Fig. 3) The postoperative extubation time were not statistically signi cant between the groups. VAS (5 min), VAS (20 min), and the dosage of remifentanil were signi cantly decreased in group H compared to group L and the control group (P < 0.01). In addition, no postoperative muscle weakness and signi cant episodes of hypotension were found in any of the groups. (Table 8) Discussion By using the FloTrac/Vigileo Monitoring System, the present study provides direct evidence regarding the attenuation of the changes in CO, SVR, and MAP induced by pneumoperitoneum and maintenance of intraoperative hemodynamic stability by magnesium sulfate. Additionally, magnesium sulfate administered before pneumoperitoneum reduced the changes in vasopressin level associated with hemodynamic instability. This is the rst study to evaluate the direct effects of magnesium sulfate on CO and SVR using FloTrac/Vigileo Monitoring System. The demand for perioperative monitoring devices that allow clinicians to track CO is increasing, and until recently, the only tools available to anesthesiologists to monitor the CO were the pulmonary artery catheter and transesophageal echocardiograph. Unfortunately, the use of these methods in clinical practice is limited, mainly because of the risks associated with pulmonary artery catheterization. Besides, previous studies on the effects of magnesium sulfate on hemodynamic stability had used indirect or direct arterial pressure as a measure to indicate the peripheral circulatory resistance [1,4,5]. FloTrac/Vigileo monitoring system is a minimally invasive hemodynamic monitoring system, which is capable of providing accurate trends and calculating CO by analyzing the waveforms of arteries with respect to other patient parameters, without the need for calibration as in other methods. The hemodynamic parameters such as, CVP, MAP, and HR can be continuously and directly measured.
The hemodynamic effects of pneumoperitoneum on cardiac function have been extensively studied in human beings. Several investigators have demonstrated a reduction in CO during pneumoperitoneum [7,8].
Many factors can in uence cardiac function including preload, afterload, cardiac contractility, heart rate, and myocardial compliance. Hypovolemia reduces the preload and hence reduces CO [9]. Therefore, a preoperative euvolemic status is very essential to minimize any cardiac depression associated with pneumoperitoneum. Younger patients can tolerate the decrease in CO under physiologic conditions. The elasticity and compliance of the large arteries decline with age and therefore, the ability to adapt to the changes in circulating blood volume is decreased in elderly. For example, a further decrease in CO induced by pneumoperitoneum might result in deleterious effects in elderly patients with hypertension or ischemic heart disease.
By using FloTrac / Vigileo Monitoring System, our study demonstrated that pneumoperitoneum decreased CO, which was observed in previous studies [7]. Our results also showed that intravenous magnesium sulfate at a dose of 50 mg/kg could effectively alleviate the reduction in CO, by dilating the peripheral blood vessels and reducing the vascular tone.
During pneumoperitoneum for operative laparoscopy, impairment of hemodynamic status occurs mainly at the beginning of peritoneal insu ation [2]. It is well known that elevated intrapleural pressure signi cantly reduces the venous return and the circulating blood volume, which induces the elevated levels of vasopressin [1,2,10]. Adrenergic receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, opioids, and vasodilators are routinely used to attenuate the pneumoperitoneum-related hemodynamic instability, but they are all accompanied with varying degrees of reduction in CO . In addition, remifentanil has been consistently linked with development of opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH), it causes patient's discomfort with higher pain scores, greater use of analgesics, which limits the use of remifentanil [11]. In contrast, magnesium sulfate produces a rapid and transient vasodilation by a direct action without causing a reduction in CO, and by indirectly blocking the sympathetic pathway and inhibiting the catecholamine and vasopressin release [1,3]. Consistent with these ndings, in the present study, at the initiation of pneumoperitoneum, and 5, 10minutes postpneumoperitoneum are the most severe periods of hemodynamic uctuations, and it was also the most effective time period for magnesium sulfate to inhibit post-pneumoconiosis hypertension. Moreover, hemodynamic uctuations at 30 and 60 minutes post-pneumoperitoneum were less pronounced, indicating that magnesium sulfate only reduced abnormally elevated blood pressure and had no effect on normal blood pressure. Jee D found that intravenous magnesium sulfate could improve the increased arterial pressure and inhibit the release of vasopressin caused by pneumoperitoneum at 5 and 10 min post-pneumoperitoneum [1].
Similarly, we found that magnesium sulfate at a dose of 50 mg/kg could effectively attenuate the release of vasopressin.
A minimum therapeutic level of 2 mmol/L magnesium sulfate has been proposed in the clinical management of eclampsia patients [12]. If the magnesium serum concentration is more than 3 mmol/L, the patients may develop tendinous re exes [3]. Therefore, it is essential to select a safe and effective minimum dose of magnesium sulfate to ensure the safety of patients. Besides, taking into account the effect of magnesium sulfate on intraoperative muscle relaxation, the magnesium ion concentration was measured again before extubation to ensure patients' safety. In the present study, the average serum concentration of magnesium sulfate in group H was between 2 -3 mmol/L. In group L, the level of serum magnesium concentration was lower than 2 mmol/L at T3. Further, there were no statistically signi cant differences in the extubation time between the three groups, did not observed any reported serious adverse effects and the potentiation effect of magnesium on neuromuscular blockade as reported in other observations [13], which could be related to the surgery time and the metabolic duration of magnesium sulfate. These results indicate that 50 mg/kg magnesium sulfate may be a safe dose for attenuating the pneumoperitoneum-related hemodynamic changes during laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery.
The analgesic effect of magnesium sulfate at a dose of 50 mg/kg was relatively obvious, which may be related to the higher concentration of magnesium ions after surgery (Serum magnesium concentration level in group H was1.38 ± 0.13 mmol/l after surgery ). In contrast, the reason why the postoperative pain score in group L was higher was that the magnesium ion concentration was lower after surgery, so it did not play an analgesic role. (The level of serum magnesium concentration was 1.07 ± 0.11 mmol/l after surgery).
Perioperative intravenous magnesium reduced opioid consumption and pain scores, which was believed to be caused by a physiological block of the ion channel on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and inhibition of the intracellular Ca 2+ mobility [6,10,14]. This analgesic effect may also contribute to the hemodynamic stability in the patient during surgery. However, further research is needed to determine the exact mechanisms causing the analgesia.

Conclusion
Magnesium sulfate is a safe, inexpensive, and old drug for treating hypertension. In recent years, it has been found to have many other effects during perioperative applications, such as its role in alleviating postoperative pain and treating intubation induced hypertension. In the present study, by comparing different dose of magnesium sulfate, we found that the application of 50 mg/kg magnesium sulfate not only can suppress stress response and hypertension signi cantly caused by laparoscopic surgery, but also has analgesia effect after surgery. Another advantage of this trial is that, by using the Flotrac/Vigileo monitoring system, we rstly provided the direct evidence for the role of magnesium sulfate in suppressing the increased SVR induced by pneumoperitoneum. There are several limitations of this study. First, it is a single-center study. Second, we did not monitor the release of catecholamines during the surgery. Other studies have Page 9/19 showed that perioperative administration of magnesium sulfate could reduce the release of catecholamines induced by intubation [4].  Values were expressed as mean ± SD. P 1 : significance of difference between group S and group P 2 : significance of difference between group S and group H; P 3 : significance of difference betwe group L and group H  T1  T2  T3  T4  T5  T6  T7  P value Group S 3.6 ± 0.5 3.3 ± 0.5 3.3 ± 0.5 3.5 ± 0.8 3.5 ± 0.9 3.9 ± 0.9 4.8 ± 1.1 < 0.001 Group L 3.7 ± 0.5 3.4 ± 0.4 3.4 ± 0.4 3.6 ± 0.7 3.7 ± 0.7 4.0 ± 0.7 4.8 ± 0.9 Group H 3.7 ± 0.5 3.6 ± 0.6 3.6 ± 0.6 3.6 ± 0.7 3.8 ± 0.9 4.0 ± 0.7 4.9 ± 0.9 Values were expressed as mean ± SD. P 1 : significance of difference between group S and group P 2 : significance of difference between group S and group H; P 3 : significance of difference betwe group L and group H Values were expressed as mean ± SD. P 1 : significance of difference between group S and group P 2 : significance of difference between group S and group H; P 3 : significance of difference betwe group L and group H Values were expressed as mean ± SD. P 1 : significance of difference between group S and group P 2 : significance of difference between group S and group H; P 3 : significance of difference betwe group L and group H Values were expressed as mean ± SD. P 1 : significance of difference between group S and group L; P 2 : significance of difference between group S and group H; P 3 : significance of difference between group L and group H Values were expressed as mean ± SD. P 1 : significance of difference between group S and group P 2 : significance of difference between group S and group H; P 3 : significance of difference betwe group L and group H Values were expressed as mean ± SD. P 1 : significance of difference between group S and group P 2 : significance of difference between group S and group H; P 3 : significance of difference betwe group L and group H Figure 1 Flow chart for patient enrolment