Variable | Entire population (N = 4198) | Very early group (N = 2024) | Early group (N = 928) | Late group (N = 441) | Never intubated (N = 805) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics and severity of illness | |||||
Male, n (%) | 2971 (71) | 1436 (71) | 670 (72) | 317 (72) | 548 (68) |
Age, in years, median (p25-75) | 63 (54‒71) | 65 (57‒72) | 64 (56‒71) | 62 (50‒70) | 57 (48‒66) |
SOFA, median (p25‒75) | 4 (3‒7) | 6 (4‒8) | 4 (3‒7) | 3 (2‒6) | 3 (2‒4) |
APACHE II, median (p25‒75)a | 13 (10‒18) | 15 (11‒20) | 14 (10‒17) | 13 (10‒16) | 10 (7‒13) |
Comorbidities | |||||
Hypertension, n (%) | 1931 (46) | 980 (48) | 466 (50) | 175 (40) | 310 (39) |
Obesity (> 30 kg/m2), n (%) | 1508 (36) | 739 (36) | 354 (38) | 150 (34) | 265 (33) |
Diabetes, n (%) | 949 (23) | 458 (23) | 262 (28) | 85 (19) | 144 (18) |
Chronic heart failure, n (%) | 139 (3) | 68 (3) | 32 (3) | 18 (4) | 21 (3) |
Chronic lung disease, n (%) | 286 (7) | 162 (8) | 69 (7) | 24 (5) | 31 (4) |
Asthma, n (%) | 262 (6) | 123 (6) | 60 (6) | 26 (6) | 53 (7) |
Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 256 (6) | 128 (6) | 64 (7) | 18 (4) | 37 (5) |
Immunosuppression, n (%) | 222 (5) | 88 (4) | 60 (6) | 28 (6) | 46 (6) |
Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 210 (5) | 94 (5) | 58 (6) | 24 (5) | 34 (4) |
Laboratory findings at admission | |||||
Procalcitonin (ng/ml), median (p25–75) | 0.28 (0.11‒0.82) | 0.3 (0.1‒1) | 0.3 (0.1‒0.9) | 0.3 (0.1‒0.8) | 0.2 (0.1‒0.4) |
C-reactive protein (mg/dL), median (p25–75) | 14.19 (7.9‒22.3) | 15 (9‒23) | 15 (9‒23) | 14 (7‒22) | 6 (11‒17) |
White blood cells count (109/ml), median (p25–75) | 8.9 (6.3‒12.4) | 10 (7‒13) | 8.6 (6.3‒12) | 8.2 (5.8‒11.5) | 8.3 (5.0‒11.1) |
LDH (U/L), median (p25–75) | 489 (368‒670) | 561 (434‒727) | 512 (405‒629) | 484 (384‒583) | 409 (326‒507) |
D-dimer (ng/ml), median (p25–75) | 1000 (580.5‒2260) | 1899 (813‒5659) | 1128 (600‒2496) | 991 (595‒2437) | 837 (500‒1661) |
Creatinine (mg/dL), median (p25–75) | 0.76 (0.53‒1.03) | 0.9 (0.7‒1.2) | 0.8 (0.7‒1.1) | 0.8 (0.7‒1.05) | 0.8 (0.6‒0.9) |
Urea (mg/dL), median (p25–75) | 44 (32‒61) | 47 (35‒67) | 45 (32‒60) | 44 (33‒57) | 38 (29‒50) |
Lactate (mmol/L), median (p25–75) | 1.5 (1.1‒2.1) | 1.1 (1.5‒2.1) | 1.5 (1.1‒2.1) | 1.6 (1.1‒2.3) | 1.4 (1‒2.1) |
PaO2/FiO2 ratio, median (p25–75) | 131 (90‒190) | 155 (98‒215) | 100 (75‒148) | 116 (90‒152) | 142 (106‒182) |
Complications and outcomes | |||||
Acute renal failure, n (%) | 1123 (27) | 676 (33) | 283 (30) | 111 (25) | 53 (7) |
Renal replacement therapy, n (%) | 383 (9) | 235 (12) | 105 (11) | 39 (9) | 4 (1) |
Acute heart failure, n (%) | 376 (9) | 208 (10) | 104 (11) | 42 (9) | 22 (3) |
ICU LOS (days), median (p25–75)b | 14 (7‒28)b | 19 (12‒34) | 19 (12‒34) | 25 (8‒42) | 3 (5‒8) |
Hospital LOS (days), median (p25–75)b | 29 (18‒46)b | 37 (25‒54) | 35 (23‒53) | 41 (20‒46) | 15 (12‒21) |
ICU mortality, n (%) | 1270 (30) | 787 (39) | 293 (32) | 163 (37) | 0 (0) |
Hospital mortality, n (%) | 1327 (32) | 824 (41) | 309 (33) | 176 (40) | 0 (0) |