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Table 2 Sensitivity, specificity and predictives values of the GUSS-ICU for the diagnosis of dysphagia compared to flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) for each of the two speech language therapists (SLT)

From: A bedside swallowing screen for the identification of post-extubation dysphagia on the intensive care unit – validation of the Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS)—ICU

 

FEES

Dysphagia positive

FEES

Dysphagia negative

 

GUSS-ICU, SLT1 n = 45

 Dysphagia pos. < 10 points

33

1

PPV = 97.1% (95% CI 83.8–99.5%)

 Dysphagia neg. = 10 points

3

8

NPV = 72.7% (95% CI 46.8–89.0%)

 

Sensitivity = 91.7%

(95% CI 77.5–98.3%)

Specifity = 88.9%

(95% CI 51.8–99.7%)

Prevalence = 80%

PLR = 8.25 (1.30–52.50), NLR = 0.09 (0.03–0.28)

GUSS-ICU, SLT2 n = 45

 Dysphagia pos. < 10 points

34

3

PPV = 91.9% (95% CI 81.7–96.6%)

 Dysphagia neg. = 10 points

2

6

NPV = 75% (95% CI 41.9–92.6%)

 

Sensitivity = 94.4%

(95% CI 81.3–99.3%)

Specifity = 66.7%

(95% CI 29.9–92.5%)

Prevalence = 80%

PLR = 2,83, NLR = 0,08

  1. NLR indicates negative likelihood ratio; NPV negative predictive value, PLR Positive Likelihood Ratio, PPV positive predictive value. Sensitivity, specifity, and predictive values of GUSS-ICU in the validation of ICU patients (n = 45) were compared with “gold standard” FEES results. Dysphagia at FEES was defined according to the dysphagia severity scale by Warnecke [22]