Fig. 4

PVT glutamatergic neurons activation accelerates emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. A Relationship between the isoflurane concentration and % LORR. 1.4% isoflurane resulted in 100% LORR in mice. B Schematic of chemogenetic stimulation of glutamatergic neurons with EEG recordings. C Image of mCherry-expressing in PVT glutamatergic neurons (scale bar, 50 mm). D Effect of activation of PVT glutamatergic neurons on LORR time. E Effect of activation of PVT glutamatergic neurons on Cortical EEG during LORR. F Effect of activation of PVT glutamatergic neurons on RORR time. G Effect of activation of PVT glutamatergic neurons on Cortical EEG during RORR. H Representative EEG traces.^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001, n = 8