Table 3 Comparison of postoperative outcomes in the intention-to-treat analysis
Outcomes | Oxycodone group (n = 184) | Hydromorphone group (n = 186) | Sufentanil group (n = 184) | P value | P value O versus H/ O versus S/ H versus S |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Primary outcome, SAME on cough, no. (%) | 76(41.3) | 75(40.3) | 55(29.9) | 0.043 | 1.000/0.071/0.114 |
 POD 1–3 Pain score < 4 on cough, no. (%) | 79(42.9) | 77(41.4) | 56(30.4) | 0.027 | 1.000/0.041/0.091 |
 POD 1–3 PONV score < 2, no. (%) | 173(94.0) | 168(90.3) | 167(90.8) | 0.372 | n/a |
 POD 1 SAME on cough, no. (%) | 78(42.4) | 76(40.9) | 56(30.4) | 0.036 | 1.000/0.055/0.117 |
 POD 2 SAME on cough, no. (%) | 109(59.2) | 107(57.5) | 80(43.5) | 0.004 | 1.000/0.007/0.020 |
 POD 3 SAME on cough, no. (%) | 166(90.2) | 161(86.6) | 159(86.4) | 0.451 | n/a |
Secondary outcomes | |||||
 SAME at rest, no. (%) | 168(91.3) | 162(87.1) | 158(85.9) | 0.240 | n/a |
 POD 1–3 Pain score < 4 at rest, no. (%) | 177(96.2) | 175(94.1) | 173(94.0) | 0.566 | n/a |
 POD 1 SAME at rest, no. (%) | 168(91.3) | 162(87.1) | 158(85.9) | 0.240 | n/a |
 POD 2 SAME at rest, no. (%) | 182(98.9) | 183(98.4) | 181(98.4) | 1.000 | n/a |
 POD 3 SAME at rest, no. (%) | 183(99.5) | 186(100.0) | 184(100.0) | 0.664 | n/a |
 Total dose of opioid in morphine equivalents, mg, median (IQR) | 29.5(14.0,48.0) | 25.0(12.8,45.3) | 36.5(18.0,55.8) | 0.006 | 0.734/0.134/0.004 |
 Dose of opioid of PCA in morphine equivalents, mg, median (IQR) | 20.0(10.0,37.5) | 20.0(10.0,28.0) | 24.0(12.0,42.0) | 0.009 | 0.416/0.342/0.007 |
 Rescue analgesics during POD 1–3, no. (%) | 10(5.4) | 11(5.9) | 16(8.7) | 0.400 | n/a |
 Patient satisfaction score on pain control, median (IQR) | 97(93,100) | 96(92,100) | 97(92,100) | 0.768 | n/a |
 QoR-15 score, median (IQR) | |||||
  POD 1 | 126(121,130) | 126(120,130) | 126(119,130) | 0.561 | n/a |
  POD 2 | 133(130,136) | 132(129,135) | 132(129,135) | 0.217 | n/a |
  POD 3 | 139(136,140) | 138(136,140) | 138(136,140) | 0.718 | n/a |
Chest tube duration, days, median (IQR) | 2(2,3) | 2(2,4) | 2(2,3) | 0.094 | n/a |
Discharge time from hospital, days, median (IQR) | 3(3,4) | 4(3,5) | 3.5(3,5) | 0.041 | 0.043/0.227/1.000 |
 Other opioid-related adverse events, no. (%) | |||||
  Constipation | 66(35.9) | 57(30.6) | 65(35.3) | 0.506 | n/a |
  Dizziness | 50(27.2) | 45(24.2) | 32(17.4) | 0.073 | n/a |
  Pruritis | 2(1.1) | 3(1.6) | 1(0.5) | 0.875 | n/a |
  Urinary retention | 6(3.3) | 9(4.8) | 10(5.4) | 0.583 | n/a |
  Severe sedationa | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | n/a |
  Respiratory depression | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | n/a |
  PCA withdrawal due to adverse events | 6(3.3) | 11(5.9) | 7(3.8) | 0.416 | n/a |