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Table 4 Results of individual studies reporting on pain after block placement

From: Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks for preoperative pain management in hip fractures: a systematic review

Author (year)

Intervention

Control

Pain after block placement (VAS)

Additional analgesic usage (mg iv. morphine equivalents)

   

Time of measurement

US-PNB

Control

US-PNB

Control

Beaudoin [15] (2013)a

US single shot FNB with 25 ml bupivacaine 5 mg.ml-1

iv. morphine

Baseline

15 min

1 h

2 h

4 h

7.19 (1.4)

4.16 (1.53)

3.43 (1.32)

3.63 (1.87)

4.28 (1.61)

7.97 (3.01)

7.17 (2.55)

7.48 (2.46)

7.1 (2.63)

7.99 (3.01)

0.0 (2.0 – 6.0), median (range)

5.0 (2.0 – 21.0), median (range)

Dickman [18] (2010)

US single shot FNB with 30 ml 0.25% bupivacaine

iv. 0.1 mg.kg-1 morphine sulphate

Baseline

30 min

1 h

2 h

4 h

8 h

5.17 (3.29)

1.94 (2.43)

2.58 (3.06)

2.65 (2.49)

3.15 (2.70)

3.20 (2.28)

6.98 (1.87)

5.13 (2.70)

4.40 (2.92)

4.00 (2.98)

4.83 (2.58)

3.74 (2.89)

-

-

US single shot FICB with 30 ml 0.25% bupivacaine

Baseline

30 min

1 h

2 h

4 h

8 h

5.50 (3.99)

2.05 (2.61)

1.90 (2.38)

1.30 (1.89)

1.72 (1.98)

2.35 (3.07)

6.98 (1.87)

5.13 (2.70)

4.40 (2.92)

4.00 (2.98)

4.83 (2.58)

3.74 (2.89)

Hao [19] (2019)

US continuous FICB with 30 ml 0.45% ropivacaine

0.05 mg im. fentanyl at VAS ≥ 5

Baseline

2 h

4 h

7.81 (0.79)

2.74 (0.73)

2.23 (0.43)

8.07 (0.64)

4.19 (0.40)

3.67 (0.34)

4 (10.5)

14 (6.5)

Jang [20] (2018)a

US single shot FNB with 0.3 ml.kg-1 up to 20 ml 0.5% bupivacaine

iv. tramadol

Baseline

4 h

24 h

48 h

7.1 (0.79)

3.62 (0.67)

4.5 (0.63)

5.11 (0.73)

6.8 (0.81)

7.06 (0.57)

5.75 (0.67)

5.18 (0.6)

1.25 (0.912)

5.37 (3.77)

Luger [21] (2012)a

US continuous FNB with 30 ml 0.25% bupivacaine

iv. piritramide and PCM

During rest

  

0.56 (1.8)

2.55 (3.83)

Baseline

1 h

12 h

6.66 (1.15)

0.56 (0.27)

0.21 (0.19)

6.34 (1.2)

4.47 (1.74)

1.31 (0.64)

During movement

  

Baseline

1 h

12 h

8.64 (0.57)

2.45 (0.66)

2.11 (0.92)

8.74 (0.54)

6.19 (1.13)

4.04 (1.25)

Ma [22] (2019)a

US continuous FICB with 50 ml 0.4% ropivacaine

po. tramadol (50 mg) and PCM (500 mg)

During rest

  

-

-

Baseline

1 h

4.27 (0.96)

2.13 (0.69)

4.58 (1.09)

2.32 (0.8)

Passive movement

  

Baseline

1 h

7.16 (1.18)

3.33 (0.89)

7.12 (1.3)

4.85 (1.07)

Morrison [23] (2016)

US single shot FNB with 20 ml 0.5% bupivacaine

po. and iv. standard care (opioids and PCM)

1 h

2 h

3.7 (3.1)

3.5 (3.1)

5.3 (3.2)

5.3 (3.2)

-

-

Uysal [28] (2020)

Dual-guided continuous FNB with 10 ml 0.25% bupivacaine

iv. 15 mg.kg-1 PCM

(0.5 mg.kg-1 tramadol as rescue)

4 h

3.32 (0.92)

4.47 (1.06)

-

-

  1. Pain after block placement (reported in cm VAS) and additional analgesic usage (in iv. morphine equivalents). Data is presented as mean (SD) unless else is stated. Numbers in bold text were used for meta-analysis.
  2. Four included studies did not report on our primary outcome and are thus not mentioned in this table [16, 17, 27, 29]
  3. US-PNB ultrasound guided peripheral nerve block, FNB femoral nerve block, FICB fascia iliaca compartment block, iv. intravenous, im. intramuscular; po. peroral, VAS visual analogue scale, PCM paracetamol; min minutes; h hours.
  4. aVAS-scores were extracted from graphical presentation (mean, SD). Conversion factor (CF) for fentanyl: 50x, CF for tramadol: 0.1x, CF for piritramide: 0.75x.