Table 1 Patient, perioperative characteristics and outcomes

Demographic Features

 Age (years)

67 [27–85]

68 [27–85]

66 [39–81]

 Female

30 (39%)

20 (47.6%)

10 (28.6%)

 BMI (kg/m²)

27 [18–39]

27 [18–39]

27 [20–36]

Perioperative Factors

 Procedures

  Pancreaticoduodenectomy

54 (70.1%)

31 (73.8%)

23 (65.7%)

  Distal Pancreatectomy

21 (27.3%)

10 (23.8%)

11 (31.4%)

  Other

2 (2.6%)

1 (2.4%)

1 (2.9%)

 Operative time (minutes)

360 [103–660]

359 [166–660]

364 [103–544]

 Atropine

7 (9.1%)

5 (11,9%)

2 (5,7%)

 Norepinephrine (\(\upmu\) g/kg/min)

0.043 [0–0.2]

0.049 [0–0.2]

0.037 [0–0.11]

 Blood loss (ml)

625 [50–3400]

700 [100–2600]

490 [50–3400]

 Time to extubation (minutes)

7.0 [1.5–47]

7.0 [1.5–42]

7.5 [2–47]

 Time to PACU discharge (Hours)

18.2 [7.1–21.7]

19.3 [7.1–20.9]

18.3 [7.9–21.7]

 Length of stay (days)

12 [6–46]

14 [7–46]

10 [6–16]

Index Complications

 Clavien-Dindo

  None

7 (9.0%)

3 (7%)

4 (11.4%)

  Grade I

31 (39.7%)

13 (30.2%)

18 (51.4%)

  Grade II

21 (26.9%)

15 (34.9%)

6 (17.1%)

  Grade III

11 (14.1%)

7 (16.3%)

4 (11.4%)

  Grade IV

5 (6.4%)

3 (7.0%)

2 (5.7%)

  Grade V

3 (3.9%)

2 (4.7%)

1 (2.9%)

 CCI

20.9 [0–100]

20.9 [0–100]

0 [0–100]

 POPF

  None

63 (81.8%)

33 (78.5%)

30 (85.7%)

  Grade A

4 (5.2%)

2 (4.8%)

2 (5.7%)

  Grade B

9 (11.7%)

7 (16.7%)

2 (5.7%)

  Grade C

1 (1.3%)

0 (0%)

1 (2.9%)

 DGE

  None

66 (85.7%)

32 (76.2%)

34 (97.1%)

  Grade A

2 (2.6%)

2 (4.8%)

0 (0%)

  Grade B

7 (9.1%)

6 (14.2%)

1 (2.9%)

  Grade C

2 (2.6%)

2 (4.8%)

0 (0%)

 Readmission

9 (11.7%)

8 (19%)

1 (2.9%)

 30-Day mortality

10 (13%)

7 (16.7%)

3 (8.6%)