| Non-myocardial injury (n = 89) | Myocardial injury (n = 54) | P value | Non-AKI (n = 82) | AKI (n = 61) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selective renal arterial embolization | 19 (21.3%) | 8 (14.8%) | 0.333 | 20 (24.4%) | 7 (11.5%) | 0.051 |
Type of anesthesia | Â | Â | 0.784 | Â | Â | 0.229 |
 General | 76 (85.4%) | 47 (87.0%) |  | 73 (89.0%) | 50 (82.0%) |  |
 Combined regional-general a | 13 (14.6%) | 7 (13.0%) |  | 9 (11.0%) | 11 (18.0%) |  |
Medication during anesthesia | ||||||
 Nitrous oxide | 69 (77.5%) | 33 (61.1%) | 0.035 | 61 (74.4%) | 41 (67.2%) | 0.348 |
 Sevoflurane | 51 (57.3%) | 28 (51.9%) | 0.525 | 41 (50.0%) | 38 (62.3%) | 0.144 |
 Dexmedetomidine | 41 (46.1%) | 27 (50.0%) | 0.648 | 43 (52.4%) | 25 (41.0%) | 0.175 |
ANH before surgery b | 25 (28.1%) | 25 (46.3%) | 0.027 | 25 (30.5%) | 25 (41.0%) | 0.193 |
 Hemoglobin after ANH, g/Lc | 98 (86, 110) | 102 (94, 109) | 0.403 | 105 (88, 111) | 98 (91, 109) | 0.466 |
 Lactic acid after ANH, mmol/Lc | 1.0 (0.6, 1.4) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) [5] | 0.292 | 0.9 (0.5, 1.2) [2] | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) [3] | 0.466 |
Extremes of arterial blood gas analyses | ||||||
 Lowest hemoglobin, g/L | 95 (77, 112) | 74 (61, 88) | < 0.001 | 87 (62, 112) | 90 (64, 116) | 0.632 |
 Highest lactic acid, mmol/L | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | 1.7 (1.0, 2.5) | 0.004 | 1.5 (0.6, 2.2) | 2.0 (0.1, 3.9) | 0.044 |
 Highest lactic acid > 2 mmol/L | 15 (16.9%) | 21 (38.9%) | 0.002 | 17 (20.7%) | 19 (31.1%) | 0.156 |
Hemodynamic change during anesthesia | ||||||
 Hypotension d | 76 (85.4%) | 52 (96.3%) | 0.039 | 73 (89.0%) | 55 (90.2%) | 0.826 |
 Duration of hypotension, min | 8 (1, 23) | 37 (9, 60) | < 0.001 | 12 (1, 35) | 18 (3, 54) | 0.141 |
 Tachycardia e | 45 (50.6%) | 44 (81.5%) | < 0.001 | 46 (56.1%) | 43 (70.5%) | 0.079 |
 Other tachyarrhythmia f | 2 (2.2%) | 8 (14.8%) | 0.004 | 6 (7.3%) | 4 (6.6%) | 0.860 |
 Duration of tachycardia, min e,f | 0.2 (0.0, 3.3) | 6.2 (0.3, 22.2) | < 0.001 | 0.9 (0.0, 8.1) | 2.2 (0.0, 9.7) | 0.303 |
 Bradycardia g | 11 (12.4%) | 16 (29.6%) | 0.011 | 14 (17.1%) | 13 (21.3%) | 0.522 |
Total fluid infused, ml | 4000 (2800, 5600) | 5550 (4050, 7300) | 0.001 | 4800 (3300, 6125) | 4900 (2800, 6700) | 0.637 |
 Balanced crystalloid, ml | 2400 (2000, 3500) | 2650 (1925, 3700) | 0.289 | 2575 (2000, 3525) | 2500 (1700, 3700) | 0.219 |
 Normal saline, ml | 100 (100, 100) | 100 (100, 200) | 0.417 | 100 (100, 125) | 100 (100, 100) | 0.542 |
 Hydroxyethyl starch, ml | 500 (0, 500) | 500 (0, 1000) | 0.428 | 500 (0, 625) | 500 (0, 1000) | 0.528 |
 Succinylated gelatin, ml | 500 (0, 500) | 500 (0, 500) | 0.503 | 500 (0, 500) | 500 (0, 500) | 0.729 |
Urine output, ml | 550 (300, 900) | 850 (500, 1750) | < 0.001 | 700 (338, 1263) | 600 (300, 1100) | 0.336 |
Estimated blood loss, ml | 500 (200, 1000) | 1000 (500, 2100) | < 0.001 | 600 (300,1525) | 800 (200, 1450) | 0.453 |
Allogeneic blood transfusion | 38 (42.7%) | 43 (79.6%) | < 0.001 | 44 (53.7%) | 37 (60.7%) | 0.404 |
 Volume of red blood cells, ml | 0 (0, 400) | 400 (0, 800) | 0.306 | 100 (0, 800) | 400 (0, 800) | 0.490 |
 Fresh frozen plasma | 28 (31.5%) | 34 (63.0%) | < 0.001 | 34 (41.5%) | 28 (45.9%) | 0.596 |
 Platelets concentrate | 2 (2.2%) | 21 (38.9%) | < 0.001 | 9 (11.0%) | 14 (23.0%) | 0.054 |
Intraoperative fluid balance, ml | 2730 (2000, 3930) | 3350 (2060, 4100) | 0.202 | 3100 (2080, 3960) | 2830 (1900, 4160) | 0.636 |
Duration of anesthesia, h | 5.7 (4.4, 7.1) | 7.9 (6.5, 9.5) | < 0.001 | 6.6 (4.8, 7.9) | 6.4 (4.9, 8.6) | 0.909 |
Type of surgery | Â | Â | 0.078 | Â | Â | 0.081 |
 Laparoscopic | 16 (18.0%) | 3 (5.6%) |  | 7 (8.5%) | 12 (19.7%) |  |
 Open | 38 (42.7%) | 23 (42.6%) |  | 40 (48.8%) | 21 (34.4%) |  |
 Laparoscopic combined open | 35 (39.3%) | 28 (51.9%) |  | 35 (42.7%) | 28 (45.9%) |  |
Combined with non-renal surgery h | 2 (2.2%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0.873 | 0 (0%) | 3 (4.9%) | 0.042 |
Complete IVC clamping | 69 (77.5%) | 50 (92.6%) | 0.019 | 68 (82.9%) | 51 (83.6%) | 0.914 |
Hepatic hilum clamping | 10 (11.2%) | 29 (53.7%) | < 0.001 | 24 (29.3%) | 15 (24.6%) | 0.534 |
Use of cardiopulmonary bypass | 6 (6.7%) | 32 (59.3%) | < 0.001 | 20 (24.4%) | 18 (29.5%) | 0.493 |
Duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, min i | 0 (0, 0) | 21 (0, 31) | < 0.001 | 0 (0, 3.5) | 0 (0, 20) | 0.478 |
Duration of surgery, h | 4.2 (3.1, 5.5) | 6.3 (5.0, 7.7) | < 0.001 | 5.0 (3.5, 5.9) | 5.0 (3.5, 7.0) | 0.746 |
Use of PCA after surgery | 81 (91.0%) | 54 (100.0%) | 0.023 | 75 (91.5%) | 60 (98.4%) | 0.138 |
Postoperative fluid balance, ml | ||||||
 Postoperative day 1 | 660 (−260, 2770) | 507 (180, 1200) | 0.689 | 670 (220, 2300) | 490 (−260, 1760) | 0.135 |
 Postoperative day 2 | 100 (− 440, 1159) | 318 (50, 720) | 0.319 | 320 (−350, 1310) | 100 (− 340, 720) | 0.193 |
Use of NSAIDs during perioperative period | 53 (59.6%) | 12 (22.2%) | < 0.001 | 37 (45.1%) | 28 (45.9%) | 0.926 |