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Table 2 Intra- and postoperative data

From: Prevalence and risk factors of myocardial and acute kidney injury following radical nephrectomy with vena cava thrombectomy: a retrospective cohort study

 

Non-myocardial injury (n = 89)

Myocardial injury (n = 54)

P value

Non-AKI (n = 82)

AKI (n = 61)

P value

Selective renal arterial embolization

19 (21.3%)

8 (14.8%)

0.333

20 (24.4%)

7 (11.5%)

0.051

Type of anesthesia

  

0.784

  

0.229

 General

76 (85.4%)

47 (87.0%)

 

73 (89.0%)

50 (82.0%)

 

 Combined regional-general a

13 (14.6%)

7 (13.0%)

 

9 (11.0%)

11 (18.0%)

 

Medication during anesthesia

 Nitrous oxide

69 (77.5%)

33 (61.1%)

0.035

61 (74.4%)

41 (67.2%)

0.348

 Sevoflurane

51 (57.3%)

28 (51.9%)

0.525

41 (50.0%)

38 (62.3%)

0.144

 Dexmedetomidine

41 (46.1%)

27 (50.0%)

0.648

43 (52.4%)

25 (41.0%)

0.175

ANH before surgery b

25 (28.1%)

25 (46.3%)

0.027

25 (30.5%)

25 (41.0%)

0.193

 Hemoglobin after ANH, g/Lc

98 (86, 110)

102 (94, 109)

0.403

105 (88, 111)

98 (91, 109)

0.466

 Lactic acid after ANH, mmol/Lc

1.0 (0.6, 1.4)

0.8 (0.5, 1.2) [5]

0.292

0.9 (0.5, 1.2) [2]

0.9 (0.7, 1.3) [3]

0.466

Extremes of arterial blood gas analyses

 Lowest hemoglobin, g/L

95 (77, 112)

74 (61, 88)

< 0.001

87 (62, 112)

90 (64, 116)

0.632

 Highest lactic acid, mmol/L

1.2 (0.9, 1.6)

1.7 (1.0, 2.5)

0.004

1.5 (0.6, 2.2)

2.0 (0.1, 3.9)

0.044

 Highest lactic acid > 2 mmol/L

15 (16.9%)

21 (38.9%)

0.002

17 (20.7%)

19 (31.1%)

0.156

Hemodynamic change during anesthesia

 Hypotension d

76 (85.4%)

52 (96.3%)

0.039

73 (89.0%)

55 (90.2%)

0.826

 Duration of hypotension, min

8 (1, 23)

37 (9, 60)

< 0.001

12 (1, 35)

18 (3, 54)

0.141

 Tachycardia e

45 (50.6%)

44 (81.5%)

< 0.001

46 (56.1%)

43 (70.5%)

0.079

 Other tachyarrhythmia f

2 (2.2%)

8 (14.8%)

0.004

6 (7.3%)

4 (6.6%)

0.860

 Duration of tachycardia, min e,f

0.2 (0.0, 3.3)

6.2 (0.3, 22.2)

< 0.001

0.9 (0.0, 8.1)

2.2 (0.0, 9.7)

0.303

 Bradycardia g

11 (12.4%)

16 (29.6%)

0.011

14 (17.1%)

13 (21.3%)

0.522

Total fluid infused, ml

4000 (2800, 5600)

5550 (4050, 7300)

0.001

4800 (3300, 6125)

4900 (2800, 6700)

0.637

 Balanced crystalloid, ml

2400 (2000, 3500)

2650 (1925, 3700)

0.289

2575 (2000, 3525)

2500 (1700, 3700)

0.219

 Normal saline, ml

100 (100, 100)

100 (100, 200)

0.417

100 (100, 125)

100 (100, 100)

0.542

 Hydroxyethyl starch, ml

500 (0, 500)

500 (0, 1000)

0.428

500 (0, 625)

500 (0, 1000)

0.528

 Succinylated gelatin, ml

500 (0, 500)

500 (0, 500)

0.503

500 (0, 500)

500 (0, 500)

0.729

Urine output, ml

550 (300, 900)

850 (500, 1750)

< 0.001

700 (338, 1263)

600 (300, 1100)

0.336

Estimated blood loss, ml

500 (200, 1000)

1000 (500, 2100)

< 0.001

600 (300,1525)

800 (200, 1450)

0.453

Allogeneic blood transfusion

38 (42.7%)

43 (79.6%)

< 0.001

44 (53.7%)

37 (60.7%)

0.404

 Volume of red blood cells, ml

0 (0, 400)

400 (0, 800)

0.306

100 (0, 800)

400 (0, 800)

0.490

 Fresh frozen plasma

28 (31.5%)

34 (63.0%)

< 0.001

34 (41.5%)

28 (45.9%)

0.596

 Platelets concentrate

2 (2.2%)

21 (38.9%)

< 0.001

9 (11.0%)

14 (23.0%)

0.054

Intraoperative fluid balance, ml

2730 (2000, 3930)

3350 (2060, 4100)

0.202

3100 (2080, 3960)

2830 (1900, 4160)

0.636

Duration of anesthesia, h

5.7 (4.4, 7.1)

7.9 (6.5, 9.5)

< 0.001

6.6 (4.8, 7.9)

6.4 (4.9, 8.6)

0.909

Type of surgery

  

0.078

  

0.081

 Laparoscopic

16 (18.0%)

3 (5.6%)

 

7 (8.5%)

12 (19.7%)

 

 Open

38 (42.7%)

23 (42.6%)

 

40 (48.8%)

21 (34.4%)

 

 Laparoscopic combined open

35 (39.3%)

28 (51.9%)

 

35 (42.7%)

28 (45.9%)

 

Combined with non-renal surgery h

2 (2.2%)

1 (1.9%)

0.873

0 (0%)

3 (4.9%)

0.042

Complete IVC clamping

69 (77.5%)

50 (92.6%)

0.019

68 (82.9%)

51 (83.6%)

0.914

Hepatic hilum clamping

10 (11.2%)

29 (53.7%)

< 0.001

24 (29.3%)

15 (24.6%)

0.534

Use of cardiopulmonary bypass

6 (6.7%)

32 (59.3%)

< 0.001

20 (24.4%)

18 (29.5%)

0.493

Duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, min i

0 (0, 0)

21 (0, 31)

< 0.001

0 (0, 3.5)

0 (0, 20)

0.478

Duration of surgery, h

4.2 (3.1, 5.5)

6.3 (5.0, 7.7)

< 0.001

5.0 (3.5, 5.9)

5.0 (3.5, 7.0)

0.746

Use of PCA after surgery

81 (91.0%)

54 (100.0%)

0.023

75 (91.5%)

60 (98.4%)

0.138

Postoperative fluid balance, ml

 Postoperative day 1

660 (−260, 2770)

507 (180, 1200)

0.689

670 (220, 2300)

490 (−260, 1760)

0.135

 Postoperative day 2

100 (− 440, 1159)

318 (50, 720)

0.319

320 (−350, 1310)

100 (− 340, 720)

0.193

Use of NSAIDs during perioperative period

53 (59.6%)

12 (22.2%)

< 0.001

37 (45.1%)

28 (45.9%)

0.926

  1. Data are number (%), or median (interquartile range). Numbers in square brackets indicate patients with missing data. P values in bold indicate < 0.05
  2. ANH acute normovolemic hemodilution, IVC inferior vena cava, PCA patient-controlled analgesia
  3. a Includes epidural anesthesia or rectus sheath/transversus abdominis plane block
  4. b Performed after anesthesia induction through central venous line
  5. c Results of patients after accomplishment of ANH
  6. d Mean arterial pressure < 65 mmHg
  7. e Heart rate > 100 beats per minute
  8. f New onset arrhythmia requiring therapy, including atrial premature, ventricular premature, atrial fibrillation, etc.
  9. g Heart rate < 50 beats per minute
  10. h Combined with splenectomy or cholecystectomy
  11. i Results of all patients