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Fig. 2 | BMC Anesthesiology

Fig. 2

From: Optimal angle of needle insertion for spinal anesthesia in patients with spondylolisthesis: an ultrasonographic study

Fig. 2

Spinal ultrasound image. (A) Spinal ultrasound image of transverse midline view of a spondylolisthesis patient at the level of L5-S1. As shown in the small schematic diagram at the left bottom of the ultrasound image, the image was taken with the ultrasound probe tilted toward caudad direction. (B) Spinal ultrasound image of parasagittal oblique view of a spondylolisthesis patient at the level of L5-S1. As shown in the small schematic diagram at the left bottom of the ultrasound image, the image was taken with the ultrasound probe tilted toward caudad direction, with a medial tilt to midline. LFD: Ligamentum flavum-dura mater complex. AC: Anterior complex. a: Depth from skin to the LFD. b: Depth from skin to the AC. c: Width of the intrathecal space (distance between LFD and AC). d: Interlaminar height of the LFD

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