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Fig. 1 | BMC Anesthesiology

Fig. 1

From: Optimal angle of needle insertion for spinal anesthesia in patients with spondylolisthesis: an ultrasonographic study

Fig. 1

The method of angle measurement at transverse midline view and parasagittal oblique view. (A) The ultrasound probe was placed transverse to the patients' back and was tilted toward cephalad or caudad to find the longest observed the ligamentum flavum-dura mater complex (LFD) height. The probe application angle with the longest interlaminar height of LFD was measured using a protractor. The measured angle was ( +) 14° in this image. (B) The ultrasound probe was placed in the parasagittal plane with a medial tilt towards the midline. The probe is tilted toward cephalad to caudad, and the probe application angle with the longest interlaminar height of LFD was measured using a protractor. The measured angle was ( +) 15° in this image

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