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Table 2 Intraoperative and postoperative management

From: Impact of dexmedetomidine supplemented analgesia on delirium in patients recovering from orthopedic surgery: A randomized controlled trial

 

Placebo group (n = 354)

Dexmedetomidine group (n = 356)

P value

Intraoperative data

 Type of anesthesia

  

0.783

  Regional

202 (57.1%)

195 (54.8%)

 

  General

113 (31.9%)

117 (32.9%)

 

  Combined regional-general

39 (11.0%)

44 (12.3%)

 

 Duration of anesthesia (min)

154 (105, 223)

150 (105, 215)

0.537

 Intra-operative medication

  Use of midazolam

159 (44.9%)

147 (41.3%)

0.330

   Midazolam (mg) a

2 (1, 2)

2 (1, 2)

0.857

  Use of propofol

187 (52.8%)

204 (57.3%)

0.230

   Propofol (mg) a

512 (205, 854)

500 (165, 784)

0.523

  Use of etomidate

155 (43.8%)

147 (41.3%)

0.502

   Etomidate (mg) a

10 (8, 15)

10 (8, 14)

0.272

  Use of dexmedetomidine

49 (13.8%)

43 (12.1%)

0.484

   Dexmedetomidine (μg) a

20 (20, 30)

20 (20, 30)

0.931

  Use of sufentanil

164 (46.3%)

170 (47.8%)

0.704

   Sufentanil (μg) a

30 (18, 65)

30 (20, 53)

0.450

  Use of remifentanil

88 (24.9%)

107 (30.1%)

0.121

   Remifentanil (mg) a

0.8 (0.5, 1.2)

0.7 (0.4, 1.1)

0.502

  Use of methylprednisolone b

173 (48.9%)

174 (48.9%)

0.999

   Methylprednisolone (mg) a

40 (40, 40)

40 (40, 40)

0.087

  Use of dexamethasone b

22 (6.2%)

21 (5.9%)

0.860

  Use of atropine c

67 (18.9%)

82 (23.0%)

0.179

 Type of surgery

  

0.716

  Joint arthroplasty

239 (67.5%)

238 (66.9%)

 

  Hip fracture repair

10 (2.8%)

14 (3.9%)

 

  Spinal surgery

105 (29.7%)

104 (29.2%)

 

 Duration of surgery (min)

90 (69, 145)

90 (61, 138)

0.511

 Estimated blood loss (ml)

100 (50, 300)

100 (50, 250)

0.643

 Total infusion (ml)

1600 (1300, 2000)

1500 (1300, 2000)

0.757

  Autologous blood salvage

73 (20.6%)

68 (19.1%)

0.612

  Allogeneic blood transfusion

24 (6.8%)

27 (7.6%)

0.678

 ICU admission after surgery

8 (2.3%)

6 (1.7%)

0.582

Postoperative data within 5 days

 Consumed study drugs during PCIA d

  Duration of PCIA (h)

58 ± 10

58 ± 8

0.285

  Sufentanil (μg)

105 ± 35

104 ± 33

0.654

  Dexmedetomidine (μg)

   

   Until day 1 afternoon

–-

47 ± 15

–-

   Until day 2 afternoon

–-

81 ± 23

–-

   Until day 3 afternoon

–-

104 ± 33

–-

  Rate of dexmedetomidine (μg.kg−1.h−1)

–-

0.026 ± 0.009

–-

 Supplemental analgesics within 5 days

  Use of flurbiprofen axetil

292 (82.5%)

285 (80.1%)

0.407

   Flurbiprofen axetil (mg) a

200 (100, 350)

250 (150, 350)

0.310

  Use of parecoxib

93 (26.3%)

106 (29.8%)

0.299

   Parecoxib (mg) a

120 (40, 200)

120 (40, 200)

0.704

  Use of loxoprofen e

33 (9.3%)

37 (10.4%)

0.632

  Use of oxycodone/acetaminophen f

110 (31.1%)

93 (26.1%)

0.144

  Use of tramadol g

70 (19.8%)

61 (17.1%)

0.365

 Supplemental hypnotics within 5 days

  Use of diazepam

23 (6.5%)

22 (6.2%)

0.862

  Use of estazolam

18 (5.1%)

15 (4.2%)

0.581

 5HT3 receptor antagonist

168 (47.5%)

169 (47.5%)

0.997

  1. Data are number (%), median (interquartile range) or mean ± SD
  2. ICU intensive care unit, PCA patient-controlled analgesia, 5HT3 5-Hydroxytryptamine-3
  3. aDose in patients who received the medication
  4. bFor prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting and/or alleviating neuroedema
  5. cAdministered in combination with neostigmine, for reversal of residual neuromuscular blockade
  6. dEstablished with 1.25 μg.ml−1 sufentanil and the designated study drug, either 1.25 μg.ml−1 dexmedetomidine or 0.9% saline, in 0.9% saline, programmed to deliver a 2-ml bolus with a lockout interval of 8 min and a background infusion of 1 ml.h−1
  7. eLoxoprofen tablet (60 mg)
  8. fOxycodone/acetaminophen tablet (5/325 mg)
  9. gTramadol tablet (50 mg)
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BMC Anesthesiology

ISSN: 1471-2253

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