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Table 1 Risk factors for post-intubation tracheobronchial rupture [2, 6,7,8,9,10, 13]

From: Bronchial rupture following endobronchial blocker placement: a case report of a rare, unfortunate complication

Mechanical

 Multiple attempts

 Operator inexperience

 ETT introducers that protrude beyond the tube

 Emergency intubation

 Cuff overinflation

 Incorrect tube positioning

 ETT manipulation without cuff deflation

 Inappropriate tube size

 Dual-lumen tube use

 Vigorous coughing

 Movement of the head and neck while intubated

 Dislodgment or tube movement

Anatomical

 Congenital tracheobronchial abnormalities

 Weakness of the pars membranosa

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

 Inflammatory lesions of the tracheobronchial tree

 Diseases altering the tracheobronchial tree position or anatomy (e.g. lymph nodes, tumours)

 Chronic steroid use

 Radiotherapy

 Poor biological condition

 Advanced age

 Height < 165 cm

 Female gender

  1. Abbreviations: ETT Endotracheal tube