Mechanical |
Multiple attempts |
Operator inexperience |
ETT introducers that protrude beyond the tube |
Emergency intubation |
Cuff overinflation |
Incorrect tube positioning |
ETT manipulation without cuff deflation |
Inappropriate tube size |
Dual-lumen tube use |
Vigorous coughing |
Movement of the head and neck while intubated |
Dislodgment or tube movement |
Anatomical |
Congenital tracheobronchial abnormalities |
Weakness of the pars membranosa |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
Inflammatory lesions of the tracheobronchial tree |
Diseases altering the tracheobronchial tree position or anatomy (e.g. lymph nodes, tumours) |
Chronic steroid use |
Radiotherapy |
Poor biological condition |
Advanced age |
Height < 165 cm |
Female gender |