Effects of lidocaine, dexmedetomidine, and their combination infusion on postoperative nausea and vomiting following laparoscopic hysterectomy: a randomized controlled trial

Table 3 The pain VAS scores after surgery

VAS scores	Group C (n = 60)	Group L (n = 60)	Group D (n = 60)	Group LD (n = 60)	P-value	^aP	^bP	^cP
Postoperative 2 h	3.1 ± 0.7	2.7 ± 0.7^*	2.5 ± 0.7^*	1.8 ± 0.6^*✩#	< 0.001	0.004	< 0.001	< 0.001
Postoperative 6 h	3.0 ± 0.9	2.6 ± 0.8^*	2.4 ± 0.8^*	1.7 ± 0.6^*✩#	< 0.001	0.030	< 0.001	< 0.001
Postoperative 12 h	2.5 ± 0.7	2.3 ± 0.8	2.1 ± 0.7^*	1.6 ± 0.7^*✩#	< 0.001	0.817	0.032	< 0.001
Postoperative 24 h	1.1 ± 0.7	1.0 ± 0.7	0.9 ± 0.6	0.9 ± 0.6	0.199	0.546	0.313	0.194

Data are present as mean ± standard deviation
Group C Control group, Group L Lidocaine group, Group D Dexmedetomidine group, Group LD Lidocaine combined with dexmedetomidine group, VAS Visual analogue scale
^*P versus Group C, ^✩P versus Group L, ^#P versus Group D
^aP for group C vs group L, ^bP for group C vs group D, ^cP for group C vs group LD

ISSN: 1471-2253