Table 2 Main clinical data and laboratory tests associated with POCD in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors

 1st day after surgery (resting)

3.49 ± 1.52

1.58 ± 1.43

0.000*

 1st day after surgery (activity)

4.40 ± 1.36

3.28 ± 1.21

0.000*

 2nd day after surgery (resting)

1.21 ± 1.11

1.27 ± 1.21

0.741

 2nd day after surgery (activity)

3.10 ± 1.31

3.07 ± 1.08

0.812

 7th day after surgery (resting)

2.24 ± 1.66

1.87 ± 1.39

0.073

 7th day after surgery (activity)

3.18 ± 1.44

2.79 ± 1.48

0.050

 1st day after surgery (resting) ≥ 4

28(30.8%)

8(6.1%)

0.000*

 Preoperative EQ-5D score

82.48 ± 9.93

81.30 ± 12.62

0.434

 7th day after surgery

64.92 ± 15.73

68.87 ± 13.87

0.050

 30th day after surgery

68.36 ± 20.14

72.99 ± 14.34

0.047*

Operation time (min)

237.02 ± 90.06

225.21 ± 74.87

0.289

Blood loss (ml)

282.20 ± 40.59

198.63 ± 21.29

0.070

> 1000 ml

6(6.6%)

2(1.5%)

0.066

TAP

37(40.7%)

48(36.6%)

0.545

Warm treatment

67(73.6%)

104(79.4%)

0.315

Grip strength

24.08 ± 6.67

25.48 ± 6.98

0.136

ICU therapy

11(12.1%)

7(5.3%)

0.070

 NSAIDs

11(12.1%)

18(13.7%)

0.719

 Dexmedetomidine

30(33%)

48(36.6%)

0.573

 K⁺ levels (mmol/L)

3.38 ± 0.47

3.51 ± 0.48

0.045*

 Pre-WBC levels (× 10⁹/L)

6.19 ± 2.14

6.22 ± 1.92

0.900

 Post-WBC levels (×10⁹/L)

10.56 ± 3.64

11.43 ± 3.82

0.093

 WBC gap

4.65 ± 3.07

4.98 ± 3.08

0.432

 Albumin (g/L)

38.24 ± 4.81

38.11 ± 4.25

0.842

 Hb levels

116.17 ± 23.76

115.88 ± 23.85

0.930

 NLR ≥ 2

65(71.4%)

91(69.5%)

0.753