Table 2 Severity of disease at ICU admission and treatment received in the ICU
|  | Overall (n = 89) | Anesthesia Machine (n = 17) | ICU Ventilator (n = 72) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical variables | ||||
 PaO2/FiO2, mmHg | 172 [126–219] | 197 [136–221] | 170 [123–208] | 0.204 |
 PEEP, cmH2O | 14 [12–14] | 12 [12–14] | 14 [12–14] | 0.181 |
 Pplat, cmH2O | 24 [22–26] | 24 [21–26] | 24 [22–26] | 0.838 |
 Vt/PBW (ml/kg) | 6 [6–7] | 6.1 [5.7–6.5] | 6.4 [6.0–7.2] | 0.042 |
 RR, breaths/min | 20 [18–22] | 20 [18–22] | 20 [18–22] | 0.795 |
 Crs, ml/cmH2O | 44 [36–53] | 38 [32–44] | 45 [37–53] | 0.118 |
 dP, cmH2O | 10 [8–12] | 11 [8–12] | 10 [8–12] | 0.854 |
 PaO2, mmHg | 92 [82–115] | 94 [84–110] | 92 [82–117] | 0.951 |
 PaCO2, mmHg | 47 [41–56] | 47 [43–57] | 46 [41–54] | 0.382 |
 pH | 7.37 [7.30–7.40] | 7.36 [7.30–7.41] | 7.37 [7.30–7.39] | 0.854 |
 HCO3−, mmol/l | 26 [24–28] | 25 [25–27] | 26 [24–28] | 0.897 |
 Base excess | 0 [−2, 2] | 1 [−2, 3] | 0 [−2, 2] | 0.465 |
 Lactate, mmol/l | 1.2 [1.0–1.6] | 1.5 [1.2–1.8] | 1.2 [1.0–1.5] | 0.017 |
 Heart rate, beats/min | 80 [66–92] | 68 [62–85] | 80 [68–92] | 0.132 |
 MAP, mmHg | 77 [70–85] | 71 [67–76] | 78 [70–86] | 0.050 |
Laboratory findings | ||||
 CRP, mg/dl | 12.4 [7.2–17.8] | 8.8 [6.8–15.3] | 12.5 [7.8–21.1] | 0.241 |
 Procalcitonin, ng/ml | 0.4 [0.2–0.9] | 0.5 [0.2–1.0] | 0.4 [0.2–0.8] | 0.753 |
 WBC, 109/L | 8.9 [6.7–12.2] | 9.1 [7.2–12.5] | 8.9 [6.4–12.1] | 0.689 |
 Tot. lymphocytes, % | 8.1 [4.9–12.2] | 8.8 [4.9–11.2] | 8.0 [4.9–12.5] | 0.955 |
 Hematocrit, % | 38 [34–41] | 38 [35–41] | 38 [34–41] | 0.946 |
 Hemoglobin, mg/dl | 13 [11–13] | 13 [12–13] | 13 [11–13] | 0.837 |
 Platelets, 1012/L | 230 [180–289] | 214 [172–290] | 232 [185–288] | 0.807 |
 ALT, IU/L | 39 [26–53] | 41 [35–51] | 35 [25–58] | 0.309 |
 AST, IU/L | 41 [29–61] | 45 [35–73] | 40 [29–61] | 0.344 |
 LDH, IU/L | 425 [356–544] | 425 [356–559] | 428 [356–535] | 0.827 |
 Bilirubin, mg/dl | 0.7 [0.5–1.1] | 0.9 [0.5–1.9] | 0.7 [0.5–1.1] | 0.241 |
 Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.9 [0.7–1.0] | 1.0 [0.8–1.1] | 0.8 [0.7–1.0] | 0.171 |
 Glucose, mg/dl | 131 [112–167] | 143 [123–161] | 130 [110–171] | 0.446 |
 Sodium, mEq/l | 137 [134–140] | 139 [136–141] | 137 [133–139] | 0.080 |
 Potassium, mEq/l | 4.1 [3.7–4.4] | 4.1 [3.7–4.5] | 4.1 [3.7–4.4] | 0.972 |
 Creatine kinase, IU/l | 117 [67–180] | 119 [38–136] | 117 [67–200] | 0.407 |
 CK-MB, ng/ml | 1.3 [0.9–2.9] | 1.1 [0.9–1.7] | 1.5 [1.0–3.0] | 0.184 |
 Troponin-T, ng/l | 14 [8–29] | 9 [6–22] | 15 [8–39] | 0.313 |
 NT-proBNP, ng/l | 335 [125–746] | 421 [230–818] | 289 [125–746] | 0.682 |
 PT, s | 14 [14–15] | 15 [14–17] | 14 [14–15] | 0.059 |
 aPTT, s | 36 [32–42] | 38 [33–44] | 36 [32–42] | 0.501 |
 D-dimer, mcg/ml | 3.4 [0.9–10.3] | 8.7 [2.2–35] | 2.1 [0.8–7.3] | 0.073 |
Treatments received, no. (%) | ||||
 Lopinavir/ritonavir | 58 (64.4) | 14 (82.3) | 44 (61.1) | 0.156 |
 Hydroxychloroquine | 75 (83.3) | 16 (94.1) | 59 (81,9) | 0.290 |
 Antibiotic prophylaxis | 24 (26.7) | 8 (47.0) | 16 (22.2) | 0.065 |
 Corticosteroids | 32 (36.4) | 6 (35.3) | 26 (36.6) | 1.000 |
 Tocilizumab | 30 (34.1) | 5 (29.4) | 25 (35.2) | 0.780 |
 Remdesivir | 10 (11.4) | 1 (5.9) | 9 (12.7) | 0.679 |
 Continuous IV sedation | 64 (71.9) | 3 (17.7) | 61 (84.7) | < 0.001 |
 Continuous IV opioids | 61 (67.8) | 12 (70.5) | 49 (68.0) | 0.544 |
 Inhaled sedation | 14 (15.7) | 14 (82.3) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 |
 Paralysis | 74 (82.2) | 16 (94.2) | 58 (80.5) | 0.285 |
 Prone positioning | 44 (50.0) | 11 (64.7) | 33 (46.5) | 0.280 |
 Inhaled Nitric Oxide | 10 (11.4) | 3 (17.7) | 7 (9.9) | 0.399 |
 ECMO | 6 (6.7%) | 0 (0) | 6 (8.3) | 0.591 |