Table 1 Patient Characteristics by acute kidney injury status

Age (years)

65 [55–72]

68 [63–74]

65 [57–75]

0.038

Male (%)

424 (60)

60 (74)

25 (89)

0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

25 [23–29]

26 [22–30]

27 [25–35]

0.1

ASA score (1–2 / 3–4)

430 / 276

50 / 31

16 / 12

0.9

Preop Hb (g/dL)

13.3 [12–14.5]

13.4 [11.8–14.3]

13.9 [12.5–14.7]

0.7

Preop creatinine (mg/dL)

0.8 [0.7–1.0]

1.0 [0.8–1.1]

1.0 [0.8 1.2]

< 0.001

 Ischemic heart disease

60 (8.5%)

3 (3.7%)

9 (32%)

< 0.001

 Coronary arterial bypass graft

28 (3.9%)

3 (3.7%)

3 (11%)

0.2

 Hypertension

319 (45%)

52 (64%)

20 (71%)

< 0.001

 Hyperlipidaemia

194 (27%)

28 (35%)

7 (25%)

0.4 0.2

 Stroke

28 (3.9%)

2 (2.5%)

3 (11%)

0.01

 Atrial fibrillation

44 (6.2%)

12 (15%)

1 (3.6%)

0.9

 Diabetes mellitus type 2

151 (21%)

17 (21%)

7 (25%)

0.008

 COPD

86 (12%)

10 (12%)

9 (32%)

0.7

 Cirrhosis

53 (7.5%)

4 (4.9%)

2 (7.1%)

 Aspirin

236 (33%)

32 (40%)

8 (29%)

0.5

 Clopidogrel

32 (4.5%)

1 (1.2%)

3 (11%)

0.1

 ẞ blocker

166 (24%)

28 (35%)

13 (46%)

0.003

 ACEI

135 (19%)

23 (28%)

11 (39%)

0.007

 ARB

47 (6.7%)

8 (9.9%)

3 (11%)

0.4

 Calcium channel blocker

113 (16%)

19 (23%)

7 (25%)

0.1

 Diuretics

59 (8.4%)

8 (9.9%)

8 (29%)

0.001

 Statin

211 (30%)

18 (22%)

12 (43%)

0.1

 Oral hypoglycaemic drugs

111 (15.7%)

10 (12%)

4 (14%)

0.7

 Insulin

56 (7.9%)

7 (8.6%)

2 (7.1%)

0.9

 Oral anticoagulation

65 (9.2%)

9 (11%)

3 (11%)

0.8

Type of Surgery (N)

0.02

 Pancreatectomy

155 (22%)

18 (22%)

3 (11%)

 Hepatobiliary

189 (27%)

14 (17%)

3 (11%)

 Oesophagectomy

75 (11%)

12 (15%)

3 (11%)

 Cystectomy

63 (8.9%)

15 (19%)

7 (25%)

 Cancer debulking

32 (4.5%)

2 (2.5%)

2 (7.1%)

 Major aortic vascular surgery

144 (20%)

15 (19%)

9 (32%)

 Other surgical procedure *

48 (6.7%)

5 (6.2%)

1 (3.6%)