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Table 3 Results of unadjusted logistic regression analyses of patient background and perioperative factors in patients underwent EVD procedures

From: Risk factors for pediatric surgical site infection following neurosurgical procedures for hydrocephalus: a retrospective single-center cohort study

 

Total (N = 72)

Case without SSI (N = 67)

Case with SSI (N = 5)

Unadjusted logistic regression

n

%

n

%

n

%

Odds ratio

95% CI

p -value

Female

42

58.3

41

61.2

1

20

0.18

0.02–1.66

0.13

Age(Month), median (IQR)

115

(30, 170)

107

(26, 172)

145

(118, 145)

1.00

0.99–1.02

0.58

Age

  < 1y

10

13.9

10

14.9

0

0.0

(base)

  

 1-2y

11

15.3

11

16.4

0

0.0

   

 3-10y

19

26.4

17

25.4

2

40.0

1.02

0.15–6.75

0.98

 11-18y

29

40.3

26

38.8

3

60.0

   

 18y-

6

8.3

6

9.0

0

0.0

   

Weight(kg), median (IQR)

32.2

(12.6, 53.3)

32.2

(12.6, 53.3)

34.8

(31, 35)

1.00

0.97–1.04

0.80

ASA Classification

 Class ≤ II

12

16.7

12

17.9

0

0.0

   

 Class ≥ III

63

87.5

58

86.6

5

100.0

3.75

0.58–24.16

0.16

Wound Class

        

1.00*

 1: Clean

68

94.4

66

98.5

2

40.0

   

 2: Clean-Contaminated

1

1.4

1

1.5

0

0.0

   

 3: Contaminated

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

   

 4: Dirty/Infected

3

4.2

3

4.5

0

0.0

   

Comorbidity

 Brain tumor

26

36.1

24

35.8

2

40.0

1.28

0.20–8.18

0.80

 Cardiac disease

3

4.2

2

3.0

1

20.0

8.50

0.63–114.86

0.11

 Gastrostomy status

13

18.1

12

17.9

1

20.0

1.21

0.12–11.79

0.87

 Prematurity (GA < 37 week)

2

2.8

2

3.0

0

0.0

  

1.00*

Number of shunt revision, mean (SD)

1

(1, 3)

1

(1, 3)

0.5

(0, 3.5)

0.92

0.59–1.42

0.70

Emergent surgery

61

84.7

58

86.6

3

60.0

0.31

0.05–2.06

0.23

Duration of surgery(min), median(IQR)

51

(27, 74)

51

(37, 74)

38.5

(26, 51)

0.96

0.89–1.04

0.35

Prophylactic antibiotics

65

90.3

61

91.0

4

80.0

0.59

0.06–5.89

0.65

 Cefazolin

55

76.4

51

76.1

4

80.0

1.49

0.16–14.19

0.73

 Ampicillin

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

   

 Cefoxitin

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

   

 Ciprofloxacin

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

   

 Cefepime

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

   

 Ceftazidime

2

2.8

2

3.0

0

0.0

  

1.00*

 Ceftriaxone

4

5.6

4

6.0

0

0.0

  

1.00*

 Clindamycin

2

2.8

2

3.0

0

0.0

  

1.00*

 Metronidazole

1

1.4

1

1.5

0

0.0

  

1.00*

 Vancomycin

6

8.3

6

9.0

0

0.0

  

1.00*

 Meropenem

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

   

Surgeon n = 10

–

–

–

–

–

–

  

0.46*

Skin preparation agent

         

 None

11

15.3

10

14.9

1

20.0

(base)

  

 CHG-alcohol(Chloraprep™)

4

5.6

4

6.0

0

0.0

0.64

0.06–6.79

0.71

 Povidone-iodine

50

69.4

47

70.1

3

60.0

1.11

0.06–20.49

0.94

 Povidone-iodine and CHG-alcohol

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

   

 Povidone-iodine and alcohol

10

13.9

9

13.4

1

20.0

   

 CHG, alcohol, and povidone-iodine

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

   

Average temperature (°C), median (IQR)

36.3

(35.6, 36.7)

36.3

(35.6, 36.7)

36.4

(36.4, 36.4)

1.39

0.11–18.0

0.80

Minimum temperature(°C), median (IQR)

35.5

(34.8, 36.2)

35.5

(34.8, 36.2)

35.6

(35.6, 35.6)

1.07

0.13–8.67

0.95

Propofol (mg/kg), median(IQR)

2.9

(1.4, 4.5)

2.9

(1.4, 4.4)

3.4

(2, 6.4)

1.04

0.97–1.12

0.28

ET sevoflurane, median(IQR)

91

(27, 191)

104

(32, 193)

21

(0, 69)

0.99

0.98–1.00

0.16

ET isoflurane, median(IQR)

0

(0, 19)

0

(0, 6)

0

(0, 34)

1.01

0.99–1.03

0.21

O2 flow, median(IQR)

280

(193, 343)

282

(199, 344)

128

(77, 215)

0.99

0.985–1.00

0.23

  1. SSIs surgical site infection, EVD external ventricular drain, IQR interquartile range, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification, GA gestational age, SD standard deviation, ET end tidal, CHG chlorhexidine gluconate
  2. *We used univariate analysis