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Table 3 Generalized linear model of healthcare costs in United States patients (excluding outliers)

From: Opioid-induced respiratory depression increases hospital costs and length of stay in patients recovering on the general care floor

Clinical Characteristic

Exponentiated estimate

95% CI

p value

Intercept

5908.22

2704.85 – 12,905.39

<.0001

Length of stay

1.03

1.02–1.05

<.0001

Respiratory depression

1.05

0.91–1.21

.505

Length of stay* Respiratory depression

1.01

0.99–1.04

.239

Open Surgery (vs laparoscopic)

0.88

0.77–1.01

.067

Length of surgery (hr)

  

<.0001

  ≥ 2 - < 4 vs. < 2

1.34

1.24–1.46

 

  > 4 vs. < 2

1.89

1.69–2.12

 

BMI

  

.0011

  < 20

0.77

0.58–1.02

 

  ≥ 20 - < 25

–

–

–

  ≥ 25 - < 30

0.90

0.80–1.00

 

  ≥ 30 - < 35

1.01

0.90–1.14

 

  ≥ 35

1.12

0.98–1.27

 

Procedure

  

<.0001

 Bone and joint

1.22

0.94–1.59

 

 Gastrointestinal

1.01

0.78–1.31

 

 Hepatobiliary

1.30

0.94–1.80

 

 Nervous system, skull and spine

1.62

1.26–2.09

 

 Obstetric and gynecological

1.06

0.80–1.41

 

 Renal and urinary tract

1.93

0.97–3.87

 

 Respiratory tract

0.98

0.47–2.02

 

 Therapeutic procedures and supportive care

–

–

–

 Other

1.36

0.89–2.09

 

 Medicala

0.42

0.33–0.54

<.001

  1. Scaled Deviance/Degree of Freedom (DF): 1.16
  2. Scaled Pearson/DF: 1.25
  3. Abbreviations: 95% CI 95% confidence interval, BMI body mass index
  4. aEffect of medical procedure was estimated in a separate model due to the multicollinearity between length of surgery and medical patients