Patient Characteristics | All (n = 387) | Brain-injured (n = 261) | Non-brain-injured (n = 126) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 61 (47–76) | 56 (44–72) | 72 (54–79) | < 0.001 |
Male, n (%) | 234 (60.5) | 149 (57.1) | 85 (67.5) | 0.051 |
Any medical history, n (%) | 224 (57.9) | 139 (53.3) | 85 (67.5) | 0.008 |
Alcohol abuse, n (%) | 9 (2.3) | 3 (1.1) | 6 (4.8) | 0.064 |
History of smoke, n (%) | 58 (15.0) | 36 (13.8) | 22 (17.5) | 0.344 |
ICU LOS before enrolment, days | 6 (1–14) | 6 (1–14) | 5 (1–13) | 0.526 |
GCS at ICU admission | 9 (5–14) | 7 (4–11) | 12 (9–15) | < 0.001 |
APACHE II at ICU admission | 17 (11–22) | 17 (10–22) | 16 (11–22) | 0.974 |
SOFA score on the day before study | 5 (3–8) | 5 (2–7) | 6 (3–9) | 0.009 |
Any artificial airway, n (%) | 246 (63.6) | 183 (70.1) | 63 (50.0) | < 0.001 |
Oral intubation | 121 (31.3) | 79 (30.3) | 42 (33.3) | 0.542 |
Nasal intubation | 20 (5.2) | 17 (6.5) | 3 (2.4) | 0.093 |
Tracheostomy | 105 (27.1) | 87 (33.3) | 18 (14.3) | < 0.001 |
Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 0.002 | |||
Invasive | 187 (48.3) | 125 (47.9) | 62 (49.2) | |
Non-invasive | 11 (2.8) | 2 (0.8) | 9 (7.1) | |
Presence of arterial line, n (%) | 91 (23.5) | 43 (16.5) | 48 (38.1) | < 0.001 |
Presence of central venous catheter, n (%) | 192 (49.6) | 124 (47.5) | 68 (54.0) | 0.234 |
Presence of any drainage tubes, n (%) | 101 (26.1) | 57 (21.8) | 44 (34.9) | 0.006 |
Use of restraint, n (%) | 233 (60.2) | 165 (63.2) | 68 (54.0) | 0.081 |
Body temperature control, n (%) | 0.184 | |||
Hyperthermia control | 49 (12.7) | 36 (13.8) | 13 (10.3) | |
Hypothermia therapy | 5 (1.3) | 5 (1.9) | 0 (0) | |
Outcomes | ||||
Accidental removal of tubes, n (%) | 8 (2.1) | 6 (2.3) | 2 (1.6) | 0.645 |
All types of infection, n (%) | 285 (73.6) | 190 (72.8) | 95 (75.4) | 0.586 |
Sepsis, n (%) | 65 (16.8) | 45 (17.2) | 20 (15.9) | |
Septic shock, n (%) | 23 (5.9) | 4 (1.5) | 19 (15.1) | |
ICU mortality, n (%) | 45 (11.6) | 27 (10.3) | 18 (14.3) | 0.257 |
ICU LOS, days | 15 (6–29) | 16 (7–30) | 14 (5–25) | 0.218 |
Hospital mortality, n (%) | 52 (13.4) | 30 (11.5) | 22 (17.5) | 0.107 |
Hospital LOS, days | 29 (17–58) | 30 (18–58) | 27 (16–56) | 0.390 |
Hospital costs, CNY | 132,000 (63,855–247,411) | 132,000 (67,840–243,305) | 131,579 (53,013–248,361) | 0.540 |