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Table 1 Clinical characteristics and demographic data of the study participants

From: Left ventricular-arterial coupling as a predictor of stroke volume response to norepinephrine in septic shock – a prospective cohort study

Variables

All patients

(n = 34)

SV responders

(n = 19)

SV non-responders

(n = 15)

P value a

Age (years, mean ± SD)

70 ± 12

69 ± 13

73 ± 11

0.368

Gender [Male, n (%)]

24 (71%)

14 (74%)

10 (67%)

0.718

Body mass index (kg/m2, mean ± SD)

22.5 ± 3.1

22.6 ± 3.1

22.5 ± 3.3

0.932

Body surface area (m2, mean ± SD)

1.65 ± 0.16

1.68 ± 0.17

1.62 ± 0.16

0.300

APACHE II score (mean ± SD)

20 ± 6

21 ± 5

20 ± 6

0.644

SOFA score (mean ± SD)

9 ± 3

9 ± 3

8 ± 2

0.554

Source of infection, n (%)

 Lung

18 (53%)

11 (58%)

7 (47%)

0.730

 Urinary tract

7 (21%)

3 (16%)

4 (27%)

0.672

 Abdomen

7 (21%)

5 (26%)

2 (13%)

0.426

 Bloodstream

7 (21%)

3 (16%)

4 (27%)

0.672

 Others

4 (12%)

2 (11%)

2 (13%)

1.000

Co-morbidities, n (%)

 Hypertension

16 (47%)

9 (47%)

7 (47%)

1.000

 Diabetes

10 (29%)

7 (37%)

3 (20%)

0.451

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

3 (9%)

2 (11%)

1 (7%)

1.000

 Coronary heart disease

2 (6%)

2 (11%)

0 (0%)

0.492

 Chronic kidney disease

2 (6%)

1 (5%)

1 (7%)

1.000

Pathogen type in culture, n (%)

 Gram-negative

15 (44%)

9 (47%)

6 (40%)

0.624

 Gram-positive

1 (3%)

1 (5%)

0 (0%)

 Mixed

2 (6%)

1 (5%)

1 (7%)

 Fungus

2 (6%)

0 (0%)

2 (13%)

 No pathogen

14 (41%)

8 (42%)

6 (40%)

Patients receiving IMV, n (%)

24 (71%)

15 (79%)

9 (60%)

0.276

 PaO2/FiO2 (mean ± SD)

262 ± 135

248 ± 134

285 ± 142

0.518

 PEEP (cm H2O, mean ± SD)

6 ± 1

5 ± 1

6 ± 2

0.479

 Tidal volume (mL/kg of predicted body weight, mean ± SD)

7.1 ± 1.3

6.8 ± 1.2

7.6 ± 1.3

0.129

 Fentanyl, n (%)

15 (44%)

10 (53%)

5 (33%)

0.314

 Midazolam, n (%)

15 (44%)

10 (53%)

5 (33%)

0.314

 Propofol, n (%)

18 (53%)

11 (58%)

7 (47%)

0.730

 Duration of IMV [days, median (IQR)]

6 (3–12)

6 (3–13)

5 (3–16)

0.719

Serum lactate level (mmol/L, mean ± SD)

3.5 ± 2.7

2.9 ± 1.4

4.2 ± 3.7

0.194

Patients with left ventricular-arterial uncoupling before NE infusion, n (%)

10 (29%)

8 (42%)

2 (13%)

0.128

Time from NE infusion start to MAP stabilization [min, median (IQR)]

95 (39–158)

86 (37–180)

100 (55–135)

0.862

Cumulative fluid volume before NE infusion (mL, mean ± SD)

1638 ± 569

1542 ± 523

1758 ± 620

0.278

Cumulative fluid volume during the study period [mL, median (IQR)]

193 (90–309)

180 (60–350)

210 (120–305)

0.490

Cumulative fluid volume within the first 24 h (mL, mean ± SD)

3744 ± 1251

3389 ± 1181

4194 ± 1228

0.061

NE dose (μg/kg/min, median (IQR))

0.254 (0.131–0.556)

0.22 (0.09–0.556)

0.44 (0.182–0.556)

0.167

Urine output (mL/kg/h, mean ± SD)

1.32 ± 0.73

1.13 ± 0.41

1.55 ± 0.97

0.133

Duration of ICU stay [days, median (IQR)]

7 (5–16)

7 (6–16)

12 (4–17)

0.958

In-hospital mortality, n (%)

9 (26%)

6 (32%)

3 (20%)

0.485

  1. a P value for comparisons of SV responders and SV non-responders
  2. SV stroke volume; APACHE acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; SOFA sequential organ failure assessment; IMV invasive mechanical ventilation; PaO2 arterial oxygen partial pressure; FiO2 fractional inspired oxygen; PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure; NE norepinephrine; MAP mean arterial pressure; ICU intensive care unit; SD standard deviation; IQR interquartile range