All patients (N = 2.034) | Closed abdominal surgery (N = 906) | Open abdominal surgery (N = 1.128) | P–value | Absolute Difference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 54 [40 to 67] | 49 [36 to 64] | 58 [45 to 69] | < 0.001 | 9 [6 to 21] |
Gender, male (%) | 42% (846/2034) | 34% (306/906) | 48% (540/1128) | < 0.001 | 14% [9 to 18%] |
Ethnicity, % (n/N) | 0.194 | ||||
Caucasian | 88% (1787/2.030) | 87% (786/902) | 89% (1001/1.128) | ||
Black | 1% (20/2.030) | 1% (6/902) | 1% (14/1.128) | ||
Asian | 3% (58/2.030) | 4% (33/902) | 2% (25/1.128) | ||
Other | 8% (165/2.030) | 8% (77/902) | 8% (88/1.128) | ||
BMI (Kg∙m−2) | 26.2 [23.3 to 30.0] | 26.7 [23.6 to 31.3] | 25.8 [22.9 to 29.3] | < 0.001 | 0.8 [0.04 to 1.6] |
Weight (kg) | 75.0 [65.0 to 87.0] | 77.0 [68.0 to 93.0] | 74.0 [64.0 to 85.0] | 0.001 | 3 [8 to 13] |
PBW (kg) | 60.6 [55.1 to 69.0] | 59.7 [54.2 to 67.8] | 61.5 [56.0 to 69.7] | < 0.001 | 1.82 [1.8 to 2] |
ASA class, % (n/N) | < 0.001 | ||||
1 | 24% (495/2.028) | 31% (276/904) | 20% (219/1.124) | ||
2 | 49% (989/2.028) | 53% (477/904) | 46% (512/1.124) | ||
3 | 24% (488/2.028) | 16% (146/904) | 30% (342/1.124) | ||
4 | 3% (53/2.028) | 1% (5/904) | 4% (48/1.124) | ||
5 | 0% (3/2.028) | 0% (0/904) | 0% (3/1.124) | ||
ARISCAT score | 26 [18 to 38] | 18 [15 to 31] | 34 [18 to 41] | < 0.001 | 16 [16 to 16] |
ARISCAT class, % (n/N) | < 0.001 | ||||
< 26 | 51% (985/1.945) | 68% (607/888) | 36% (378/1.057) | ||
26–44 | 38% (741/1.945) | 26% (231/888) | 48% (510/1.057) | ||
> 44 | 11% (219/1.945) | 6% (50/888) | 16% (169/1.057) | ||
Preop. SpO2,% | 98 [96 to 99] | 98 [96 to 99] | 97 [96 to 99] | 0.004 | 0 [0 to 3] |
Current smoker, % | 20% (413/2.034) | 21% (79/906) | 20% (222/1.128) | 0.468 | 2% [3 to 7%] |
Chronic comorbidity, % (n/N) | |||||
Metastatic cancer | 7% (138/2.034) | 2% (22/906) | 10% (116/1.128) | < 0.001 | 8% [5 to 9%] |
Chronic kidney failure | 4% (81/2.034) | 1% (13/906) | 6% (68/1.128) | < 0.001 | 5% [2 to 6%] |
COPD | 7% (138/2.034) | 7.% (83/906) | 6% (55/1.128) | 0.290 | 1% [1 to 3%] |
Heart failure | 7% (143/2.034) | 6% (53/906) | 8% (90/1.128) | 0.075 | 2% [1 to 4%] |
OSAS | 2% (42/2.034) | 3% (27/906) | 1% (15/1.128) | 0.015 | 2% [1 to 3%] |
Neuromuscular diseasea | 1% (17/2.034) | 1% (6/906) | 1% (11/1.128) | 0.599 | 0.3% [0.3 to 1%] |
Liver dysfunction | 1% (29/2.034) | 1% (5/906) | 2% (24/1.128) | 0.210 | 1% [1 to 2%] |
Functional Status, % (n/N) | < 0.001 | ||||
Independent | 92% (1872/2.034) | 96% (867/906) | 89% (1005/1.128) | ||
Partially dependent | 7% (135/2.034) | 4% (32/906) | 9% (103/1.128) | ||
Totally dependent | 1% (27/2.034) | 1% (7/906) | 2% (20/1.128) | ||
Preop. resp. infection,% (n/N) | 5% (95/2.034) | 4% (35/906) | 5% (60/1.128) | 0.150 | 2% [0.5 to 3%] |
Preop. Hb (g∙dl−1), % (n/N) | 13.4 [12.2 to 14.0] | 13.5 12.6 to 14.5] | 13.3 [11.9 to 14.5] | < 0.001 | 0.2 [0.3 to 1] |
Preop. anemia (Hb ≤ 10 g dl−1) | 9% (1738/1.846) | 3% (21/798) | 8% (87/1.048) | < 0.001 | 5% [3 to 7%] |
Preop. creatinine (g∙dl− 1) | 0.8 [0.7 to 1.0] | 0.8 [0.7 to 1.0] | 0.9 [0.7 to 1.1] | < 0.001 | 0.04 [0.01 to 0.1] |
Preop transfusion, % (n/N) | 1% (23/2.034) | 0% (3/906) | 2% (20/1.128) | 0.004 | 1% [0.5 to 1%] |
Surgical procedureb, % (n/N) | |||||
Lower GI | 26% (286/1.098) | 14% (124/906) | 31% (346/1.128) | < 0.001 | 17% [13 to 20%] |
Upper GI, HBP | 28% (303/1.098) | 47% (429/906) | 20% (222/1.128) | < 0.001 | 27% [23 to 31%] |
Vascular surgery | 2% (25/1.098) | 0% (0/906) | 3% (30/1.128) | < 0.001 | 2% [1 to 3%] |
Aortic surgery | 2% (19/1.098) | 0% (0/906) | 2% (20/1.128) | < 0.001 | 1% [1 to 2%] |
Urological | 19% (204/1.098) | 9% (81/906) | 14% (162/1.128) | < 0.001 | 5% [2 to 8%] |
Gynaecological | 18% (195/1.098) | 26% (233/906) | 17% (188/1.128) | < 0.001 | 9% [6 to 12%] |
Endocrine surgery | 1% (9/1.098) | 1% (5/906) | 1% (10/1.128) | 0.443 | 0.3% [0.5 to 1%] |
Transplant | 2% (18/1.098) | 0% (0/906) | 2% (20/1.128) | < 0.001 | 2% [1 to 3%] |
Neurosurgery | 5% (52/1.098) | 0% (1/906) | 10% (109/1.128) | < 0.001 | 9% [8 to 11%] |
Other procedure | 3% (30/1.098) | 5% (43/906) | 19% (214/1.128) | < 0.001 | 14% [11 to 17%] |
Urgency of Surgeryc, % (n/N) | < 0.001 | ||||
Elective | 84% (1705/2.034) | 87% (792/906) | 81% (913/1.128) | ||
Urgent | 12% (235/2.034) | 9% (85/906) | 13% (150/1.128) | ||
Emergency | 4% (94/2.034) | 4% (29/906) | 6% (65/1.128) | ||
Duration of surgeryd, min | 86 [55 to 149] | 70 [50 to 110] | 105 [65 to 172] | < 0.001 | 35 [21 to 43] |
Duration of anaesthesiae, min | 115 [80 to 190] | 100 [71 to 147] | 140 [91 to 205] | < 0.001 | 40 [20 to 60] |
Time of surgery, % (n/N) | < 0.843 | 0.2 [0.2 to 1] | |||
Daytimef | 95% (1925/2034) | 95% (859/906) | 95%(1066/1128) | ||
Night–time | 5% (109/2034) | 5% (47/906) | 5% (962/1128) | ||
Antibiotic prophylaxis, % (n/N) | 80% (1.628/2.034) | 73% (662/906) | 84% (956/1.127) | 0.005 | 11% [8 to 15%] |
Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 82 [74 to 92] | 84 [76 to 94] | 80 [72 to 90] | < 0.001 | 4 [4 to 7] |
Heart rate, beats∙min | 72 [63 to 82] | 73 [64 to 82] | 72 [62 to 83] | 0.276 | 1 [3 to 11] |
Intraop. procedures, % (n/N) | |||||
Epidural anesthesia | 12% (237/2.034) | 3% (25/906) | 19% (212/1128) | < 0.001 | 16% [13 to 18%] |
Opioid | < 0.001 | ||||
Short–acting | 18% (367/2.015) | 22% (193/900) | 16% (174/1.115) | ||
Long–acting | 70% (1410/2.015) | 62% (561/900) | 76% (849/1.115) | ||
Both | 12% (238/2.015) | 16% (146/900) | 8% (92/1.115) | ||
Neuromuscular Blockade | 97% (1965/2.028) | 97% (876/903) | 97% (1089/1.125) | 0.887 | 0.2% [0.1 to 1%] |
Neuromuscular Monitoring | 23% (474/2.032) | 25% (230/906) | 22% (244/1.126) | 0.055 | 3% [0 to 7%] |
Neuromuscular Reversal | 41% (827/2.024) | 49% (437/901) | 35% (390/1.123) | < 0.001 | 14% [9 to 18%] |
TIVA | 10% (211/2.027) | 11% (102/902) | 10% (109/1.125) | 0.266 | 1% [1 to 4%] |
Transfusion | 6% (113/2.034) | 1% (13/906) | 9% (100/1.128) | < 0.001 | 7% [6 to 9%] |
Total Fluids (mL∙ kg−1) | 18 [12 to 30] | 15 [13 to 30] | 23 [14 to 26] | < 0.001 | 8 [6 to 10] |
Crystalloids (mL∙ kg−1) | 17 [12 to 26] | 14 [11 to 21] | 20 [13 to 31] | < 0.001 | 5 [4 to 7] |
Colloids (mL∙ kg−1) | 7 [3 to 9] | 4 [0 to 7] | 7 [6 to 12] | < 0.001 | 3 [2 to 6] |