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Table 1 Baseline and Treatment Main Characteristics of Study Cohort by Exposure Status

From: Negative central venous to arterial lactate gradient in patients receiving vasopressors is associated with higher ICU 30-day mortality: a retrospective cohort study

Characteristics

Control (n = 1435)

Exposure a (n = 147)

P-value

Age, median (IQR)

62 (50, 70)

60 (46, 68)

0.17

Female, N (%)

666 (46.4%)

67 (45.6%)

0.85

Acute brain injury, N (%)

65 (4.5%)

13 (8.8%)

0.021

Trauma or major bleedingb, N (%)

45 (3.1%)

7 (4.8%)

0.29

Pulmonary hypertension or PE, N (%)

66 (4.6%)

5 (3.4%)

0.50

Infection, N (%)

497 (34.6%)

54 (36.7%)

0.61

Cardiac dysfunctionc, N (%)

312 (21.7%)

40 (27.2%)

0.13

Chronic kidney disease, N (%)

47 (3.3%)

4 (2.7%)

0.72

Cirrhosis, N (%)

16 (1.1%)

5 (3.4%)

0.039

COPD or asthma, N (%)

29 (2.0%)

2 (1.4%)

1.00

Post-anesthesia, N (%)d

983 (68.5%)

103 (70.1%)

0.70

APACHEII, median (IQR)

16 (12, 21)

19 (14, 28)

< 0.001

SOFA Total, median (IQR)

10 (8, 12)

12 (9, 16)

< 0.001

Arterial lactate in first blood gas pair (mmol/L), median (IQR)

2.2 (1.4, 4.2)

5.9 (3.8, 9)

< 0.001

ScvO2 in first blood gas (%), median (IQR)

74.4 (67.5, 80.8)

74.1 (67.5, 81.7)

0.72

Pcv-aCO2 in first blood gas pair (mmHg), median (IQR)

5.6 (3.8, 7.6)

5.5 (3.7, 7.4)

0.79

Pcv − aCO2/Ca − cvO2 ratio in first blood gas pair (mmHg/ml), median (IQR)

1.49 (1.14, 1.88)

1.50 (1.18, 2.04)

0.33

Serum creatinine (μmol/L), median (IQR)

75 (59, 103)

89 (65, 138)

< 0.001

Arterial Hgb (g/L), median (IQR)

114 (98, 131)

112 (97, 127)

0.60

Treatment information within first 24 h

 Total fluid balance (ml), median (IQR)

−61.6 (− 1330.7, 1013.9)

385.6 (− 1225.8, 2628.6)

< 0.001

 Transfusion

213 (19.5%)

41 (28.9%)

0.010

 Albumin infusion

753 (69.0%)

100 (70.4%)

0.73

 Epinephrine use, N (%)

328 (22.9%)

47 (32.0%)

0.013

 Dobutamine use, N (%)

52 (3.6%)

14 (9.5%)

< 0.01

 Norepinephrine use, N (%)

1395 (97.2%)

146 (99.3%)

0.13

 CVVH initiation, N (%)

140 (9.8%)

45 (30.6%)

< 0.001

 ECMO initiation, N (%)

5 (0.3%)

8 (5.4%)

< 0.001

 PiCCO initiation, N (%)

146 (10.2%)

43 (29.3%)

< 0.001

 24-h lactate clearancee (%), median (IQR)

33.3 (0, 60.0)

43.1 (−5.3, 62.8)

0.56

 Mean oxygen index (mmHg), median (IQR)

324.26 (257.38, 399.78)

295.42 (192.57, 382.66)

< 0.001

 Mean PEEP level during first 24 h (mmHg), median (IQR)

5.0 (5.0, 5.9)

5.6 (5.0, 7.7)

< 0.001

  1. Abbreviations: IQR Interquartile range, PE Pulmonary embolism, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, APACHE II Acute Physiology, Age, Chronic Health Evaluation II, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, ScvO2, central venous oxygen saturation, Hgb Hemoglobin, CVVH Continuous venous-venous hemofiltration, ECMO Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, PiCCO Pulse contour cardiac output, PEEP Positive end-expiration pressure, Pcv-aCO2 Central venous-arterial carbon dioxide difference, Pcv − aCO2/Ca − cvO2 ratio central venous-arterial CO2 to arterial-venous O2 content difference ratio
  2. a Exposure was defined as a sustained negative central venous to arterial lactate difference during the first 24 h after admission
  3. b Major bleeding was defined as any diagnoses including bleeding and hemorrhagic shock
  4. c Cardiac dysfunction included old myocardial infarction, pericarditis, cardiomyopathy, and valvular diseases
  5. d Detailed categories of surgeries were shown in Additional file 1: Appendix Table 4
  6. e 24-hour arterial lactate clearance was defined as 100 (initial - last lactate in first 24 h)/initial lactate
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BMC Anesthesiology

ISSN: 1471-2253

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