Skip to main content

Table 1 Characteristics of the RCTs included in this study (N = 27)

From: Efficacy of non-opioid analgesics to control postoperative pain: a network meta-analysis

Author, Year (Procedure)

Sample Size

Treatments

Pain

MMEs Consumed

ORADEs

Included

SPID

Included

Hour 24

Hour 48

Hour 72

Included

GI

Respiratory/

Cardiovascular

Apfelbaum 2008 [41] (Bunionectomy)

255

Parecoxib (60 mg)

Yes

−50.64

No

–

–

–

Yes

0.21

–

Parecoxib (40 mg)

−62.69

–

–

–

0.24

–

Placebo

−65.22

–

–

–

0.38

–

Bakhsha 2016 [42] (Cesarean)

60

Diclofenac (suppository)A / Placebo

Yes

− 19.26

No

–

–

–

No

–

–

Acetaminophen

−21.01

–

–

–

–

–

Bangash 2018 [43] (Multiple, Elective)

220

Ketorolac + Acetaminophen

Yes

−47.95

No

–

–

–

No

–

–

Ketorolac + Placebo

−41.74

–

–

–

–

–

Bergese 2017 [36]B (Multiple)

720

MIV

No

–

Yes

–

26.3

28.4

Yes

0.39

0.00

Placebo

–

–

34.3

37.4

0.49

0.00

Berkowitz 2017 [44] (Orthopedic)B

379

MIV

No

–

Yes

22.1

33.5

35.45

Yes

0.43

0.01

Placebo

–

31.1

46.3

47.84

1.34

0.02

Bikhazi 2004 [45] (Hysterectomy)

329

Parecoxib (60 mg)

Yes

−18.2

No

–

–

–

Yes

0.71

–

Parecoxib (40 mg)

−71.04

–

–

–

0.61

–

Ketorolac (30 mg)

−91.28

–

–

–

0.55

–

Placebo

−14.8

–

–

–

0.44

–

Morphine (4 mg)

−45.24

–

–

–

0.66

–

Castro 2000 [46] (Abdominal)

230

Tramadol (100 mg)

Yes

−31.73

No

–

–

–

No

–

–

Metamizol (2000 mg)

−58.93

–

–

–

–

–

Ketorolac (30 mg)

−3.08

–

–

–

–

–

Daniels 2019 [47] (Bunionectomy)

276

Acetaminophen

Yes

−9.6

YesE

–

45.00

–

No

–

–

Ibuprofen

−8.6

–

37.50

–

–

–

Placebo

1.5

–

61.50

–

–

–

Daniels 2013 [48] (Orthopedic)

277

Diclofenac

No

–

Yes

27.96

33.49

35.42

Yes

0.46

–

Ketorolac (15–30 mg)

–

34.41

46.27

53.97

0.52

–

Placebo

–

47.82

56.94

61.27

0.71

–

Essex 2018 [49] (Orthopedic)

116

Acetaminophen

No

–

No

–

–

–

Yes

–

0.02

Placebo

–

–

–

–

–

0.07

Gago Martinez 2016 [50] (Abdominal)D

135

Ibuprofen

Yes

−24.5

Yes

17.36

26.32

–

No

–

–

Placebo

−18.11

32.18

38.53

–

–

–

Gan 2012 [51] (Abdominal)

132

Placebo

Yes

−17.64

Yes

11.20

15.60

15.90

Yes

0.96

0.07

Ketorolac (30 mg)

−27.56

6.70

8.53

8.50

0.79

0.05

Diclofenac (18,75 mg)

−24.4

6.80

8.54

8.80

0.86

0.02

Diclofenac (37.5 mg)

−61.08

–

–

–

–

–

Gottlieb 2018 [33] (Bunionectomy)B

96

MIV

Yes

−21.4

YesE

–

57.40

–

No

–

–

Placebo

10.32

–

77.00

–

–

–

Hynes 2006 [52] (Orthopedic)

120

Acetaminophen

No

–

No

–

–

–

Yes

0.05

0.00

Diclofenac

–

–

–

–

0.05

0.075

Kim 2001 [53] (Abdominal)D

22

Ketorolac

Yes

−33.71

Yes

10.00

20.67

–

No

–

–

Placebo

−26.95

28.00

34.88

–

–

–

Kroll 2010 [54] (Hysterectomy)D

319

Ibuprofen (800 mg)

Yes

−26.82

Yes

47.3

71.72

–

Yes

0.64

0.04

Placebo

−20.09

55.9

66.92

–

0.70

0.02

Pareek 2011 [55] (Orthopedic)

158

Etodolac

No

–

No

–

–

–

Yes

0.05

–

Diclofenac

–

–

–

–

0.05

–

Pollak 2018 [35] (Bunionectomy)B

120

MIV

Yes

−50.4

Yes

–

27.25

–

Yes

0.29

0.00

Placebo

−34.52

–

37.45

–

0.40

0.00

Rechberger 2018 [32] (Hysterectomy)B,D

215

MIV

Yes

−19.47

Yes

15.90

31.80

–

Yes

0.00

0.00

Morphine

0.77

28.80

–

–

0.10

0.00

Placebo

4.61

48.00

96.00

–

0.00

0.00

Reinhart 2000 [56] (Bunionectomy)

38

Ketorolac

Yes

2.86

No

–

–

–

No

–

–

Placebo C

4.87

–

–

–

–

–

Rindos 2019 [57] (Hysterectomy)

183

Acetaminophen

Yes

2.38

No

–

–

–

No

–

–

Placebo

2.86

–

–

–

–

–

Singla 2018 [34] (Abdominal)B

219

MIV

Yes

−1.1

Yes

18.30

26.90

–

Yes

0.35

0.04

Placebo

−0.91

21.90

35.35

–

0.51

0.02

Singla 2010 [58] (Orthopedic)

185

Ibuprofen

No

–

Yes

41.10

–

–

Yes

0.27

–

Placebo

–

59.50

–

–

0.19

–

Takeda 2019 [59] (Orthopedic)

97

Acetaminophen

No

–

Yes

80.01

–

–

No

–

–

Placebo

–

81.31

–

–

–

–

Thybo 2019 [60] (Orthopedic)

281

Acetaminophen

No

–

Yes

36.00

–

–

Yes

0.04

0.03

Ibuprofen

–

26.00

–

–

0.01

0.04

Wilson 2018 [61] (Cesarean)

141

Acetaminophen

No

–

Yes

20.00

47.00

–

No

–

–

Placebo

–

32.00

48.00

–

–

–

Wong 2010 [62] (Abdominal)

66

Parecoxib

No

–

Yes

26.00

–

43.50

Yes

0.00

–

Ketorolac

–

29.40

–

55.50

0.12

–

  1. Abbreviations: RCT Randomized Clinical Trial, MME Morphine milligram equivalent, ORADE Opioid-related adverse drug events, SPID Sum of pain intensity differences, GI Gastrointestinal
  2. aAssumes diclofenac suppositories are common practice for pain control in Cesarean sections
  3. bUses the 2-h windowed last observation carried forward (W2LOCF) value
  4. cUsed group KIV versus group L from the original report
  5. dMME values at week 48 were extrapolated from MME values in the given study reported before hour 48 based on a regression using data from the other reatined studies for the relationships betwwen time and MME utilization
  6. eMME at 48 weeks for was calculated from the median or median oxycodone use, which was converted to MMEs using a conversion factor of 1.4 per the guidance from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services