Pain management after ambulatory surgery: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blinded parallel controlled trial comparing nalbuphine and tramadol

Table 5 Vital signs at each timepoint ^a

	Vital signs	Group E^b	Group C^c	P
T₀	SBP	121.63 ± 16.26	122.64 ± 16.01	0.513
	DBP	74.92 ± 9.48	74.63 ± 8.80	0.738
	Respiratory rate	17.09 ± 1.81	17.04 ± 2.18	0.808
	Heart rate	74.45 ± 8.43	74.48 ± 9.75	0.978
T₁	SBP	128.96 ± 17.74**	130.18 ± 17.05**	0.465
	DBP	79.04 ± 11.32**	78.85 ± 11.45**	0.864
	Respiratory rate	16.52 ± 2.40	16.89 ± 2.56	0.121
	Heart rate	78.69 ± 16.33	78.89 ± 14.97	0.893
T₂	SBP	123.87 ± 16.07*	126.10 ± 16.68*	0.157
	DBP	76.20 ± 9.88*	77.12 ± 12.16*	0.390
	Respiratory rate	16.74 ± 2.19	17.12 ± 2.46	0.092
	Heart rate	76.82 ± 13.95*	76.54 ± 12.06*	0.822
T₃	SBP	118.37 ± 15.23*	121.18 ± 15.53*	0.065
	DBP	72.82 ± 9.19*	74.00 ± 9.70*	0.209
	Respiratory rate	16.53 ± 1.85	16.72 ± 2.13	0.321
	Heart rate	74.06 ± 10.82*	74.59 ± 9.58*	0.598
T₄	SBP	116.72 ± 15.43*	118.82 ± 15.19*	0.169
	DBP	71.27 ± 9.36*	72.07 ± 9.73*	0.399
	Respiratory rate	16.44 ± 1.78	16.62 ± 2.20	0.366
	Heart rate	72.81 ± 9.44*	73.62 ± 8.99*	0.378
T₅	SBP	116.53 ± 14.86*	117.11 ± 14.46*	0.691
	DBP	70.64 ± 9.39*	70.63 ± 9.45*	0.986
	Respiratory rate	16.46 ± 1.84	16.54 ± 2.07	0.682
	Heart rate	72.65 ± 9.35*	72.76 ± 9.22*	0.905

^aT₀: at admission, T₁: before administration, T₂: after administration at 30 min, T₃: after administration at 2 h, T₄: after administration at 4 h, T₅: after administration at 6 h
^bGroup E (n = 209) was treated with nalbuphine hydrochloride diluted with saline to 1 mg/L.
^cGroup C (n = 228) was administered tramadol hydrochloride diluted with saline to 10 mg/L.
*Difference is statistically significant compared with T₁; **difference is statistically significant compared with T₀

ISSN: 1471-2253