Fig. 1

Study design and measurement time points. In the pre- and intraoperative phase cardiac index measurements with both the non- and semi-invasive monitoring devices were performed at five time points in each phase, at which hemodynamic changes were likely to occur due to clnically necessary steps of anesthesia induction, changes in posture or induction of pneumoperitoneum or fluid bolus administration. ATP: anti-Trendelenburg posture, PLR: passive leg raising, PP: pneumoperitoneum