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Table 2 Intra-Operative Characteristics of the Patients According to Subgroups

From: Intraoperative mechanical ventilation practice in thoracic surgery patients and its association with postoperative pulmonary complications: results of a multicenter prospective observational study

 

All Patients

(n = 302)

OLV

(n = 168)

TLV

(n = 134)

p value

Endoscopic

(n = 46)

Open

(n = 256)

p value

Low Risk

(n = 38)

High Risk

(n = 264)

p value

Ventilation and vital signs

Ventilatory mode

 Volume controlled

209 (70.8)

121 (73.3)

88 (67.7)

0.055

28 (65.1)

181 (71.8)

0.285

32 (91.4)

177 (68.1)

 

 Pressure controlled

51 (17.3)

28 (17.0)

23 (17.7)

 

7 (16.3)

44 (17.5)

 

2 (5.7)

49 (18.8)

 

 Pressure support

3 (1.2)

3 (1.8)

0 (0.0)

 

0 (0.0)

3 (1.2)

 

0 (0.0)

3 (1.2)

0.109

 Spontaneous

8 (2.7)

1 (0.6)

7 (5.4)

 

3 (7.0)

5 (2.0)

 

0 (0.0)

8 (3.1)

 

 Other

24 (8.1)

12 (7.3)

12 (9.2)

 

5 (11.6)

19 (7.5)

 

1 (2.9)

23 (8.8)

 

VT, ml

472.2 (400.5–525.0)

453.5 (398.4–510.0)

475.0 (430.6–549.0)

0.015

468.8 (400.0–544.5)

472.2 (405.6–525.0)

0.895

483.2 (443.1–543.9)

468.5 (400.0–525.0)

0.102

VT, ml/kg PBWa

7.6 (6.3–8.4)

7.4 (6.0–8.3)

7.6 (6.6–8.5)

0.050

7.6 (6.2–8.8)

7.5 (6.3–8.3)

0.225

7.6 (7.0–8.3)

7.5 (6.2–8.4)

0.587

Peak pressure, cmH2Oa

20.0 (17.5–24.0)

21.0 (18.0–25.0)

19.0 (16.0–23.0)

0.001

20.0 (16.2–23.0)

20.0 (18.0–24.0)

0.187

18.5 (15.6–22.0)

20.0 (18.0–24.1)

0.068

Plato pressure, cmH2Oa

17.8 (15.0–21.0)

18.2 (16.0–21.4)

16.5 (13.1–20.0)

0.004

16.0 (12.5–20.2)

18.0 (15.0–21.0)

0.118

15.8 (13.0–18.9)

18.0 (15.5–21.0)

0.010

PEEP, cmH2Oa

4.0 (1.5–5.0)

4.5 (2.4–5.0)

3.0 (1.5–5.0)

0.006

3.0 (1.5–5.0)

4.0 (2.0–5.0)

0.176

2.0 (0.0–5.0)

4.0 (2.0–5.0)

0.008

Driving pressure, cmH2Oa

14.0 (11.0–17.0)

14.5 (12.0–17.5)

13.0 (10.5–16.0)

0.016

13.0 (10.8–16.0)

14.0 (11.5–17.0)

0.389

14.0 (10.5–16.0)

14.0 (11.5–17.0)

0.216

Respiratory rate, bpm

12.0 (12.0–14.0)

12.0 (12.0–15.0)

12.0 (12.0–14.0)

0.128

12.0 (11.1–14.4)

12.0 (12.0–14.0)

0.715

12.0 (12.0–13.5)

12.0 (12.0–14.5)

0.644

FiO2, %

65.0 (50.0–80.0)

65.8 (50.0–85.0)

63.5 (50.0–80.0)

0.294

70.0 (58.5–83.6)

64.5 (50.0–80.0)

0.151

68.2 (50.0–75.0)

65.0 (50.0–84.0)

0.543

SpO2, %

99.0 (97.5–100.0)

98.5 (97.0–100.0)

99.0 (98.0–100.0)

0.039

99.0 (98.0–99.9)

99.0 (97.5–100.0)

0.724

99.0 (98.0–100.0)

99.0 (97.5–100.0)

0.352

MAP, mmHg

78.0 (71.0–86.6)

78.0 (71.0–86.0)

78.0 (71.0–88.0)

0.940

80.8 (74.0–95.0)

77.5 (70.0–85.0)

0.009

77.5 (71.5–91.6)

78.0 (71.0–86.0)

0.474

Heart rate, bpm

73.5 (64.5–82.0)

73.5 (64.5–82.5)

73.5 (65.0–81.1)

0.893

73.2 (65.2–79.0)

74.0 (64.5–82.0)

0.663

75.0 (70.0–81.5)

73.5 (63.6–82.0)

0.223

RM

105 (34.8)

71 (42.3)

34 (25.4)

0.002

13 (28.3)

92 (35.9)

0.314

7 (18.4)

98 (37.1)

0.023

 In the last hour

68 (22.5)

52 (31.0)

16 (11.9)

<  0.001

6 (13.0)

62 (24.2)

0.094

2 (5.3)

66 (25.0)

0.006

Number of RM

0.0 (0.0–1.0)

0.0 (0.0–1.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.8)

0.003

0.0 (0.0–1.0)

0.0 (0.0–1.0)

0.397

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–1.0)

0.020

Protective ventilation

41 (14.8)

13 (8.3)

28 (23.5)

<  0.001

10 (24.4)

31 (13.2)

0.091

4 (11.4)

37 (15.4)

0.798

Anesthesia characteristics

Type of anesthesia

 TIVA

56 (18.5)

25 (14.9)

31 (23.1)

0.012

10 (21.7)

46 (18.0)

0.287

6 (15.8)

50 (18.9)

 

 Volatile

188 (62.3)

117 (69.6)

71 (53.0)

 

31 (67.4)

157 (61.3)

 

22 (57.9)

166 (62.9)

0.483

 Mixed

58 (19.2)

26 (15.5)

32 (23.9)

 

5 (10.9)

53 (20.7)

 

10 (26.3)

48 (18.2)

 

Opioids

 Short acting

66 (21.9)

39 (23.2)

27 (20.3)

0.151

14 (30.4)

52 (20.4)

0.306

11 (28.9)

55 (20.9)

 

 Long acting

202 (66.9)

106 (63.1)

96 (72.2)

 

28 (60.9)

174 (68.2)

 

24 (63.2)

178 (67.7)

0.475

 Both

33 (10.9)

23 (13.7)

10 (7.5)

 

4 (8.7)

29 (11.4)

 

3 (7.9)

30 (11.4)

 

Total Fluids

 Crystalloids, ml

1000.0 (875.0–2000.0)

1000.0 (1000.0–1750.0)

1000.0 (800.0–2000.0)

0.949

900.0 (500.0–1100.0)

1130.0 (1000.0–2000.0)

< 0.001

1000.0 (670.0–1000.0)

1100.0 (1000.0–2000.0)

< 0.001

 Colloids, ml

500.0 (67.5–700.0)

500.0 (0.0–500.0)

500.0 (500.0–1000.0)

0.076

0.0 (0.0–500.0)

500.0 (450.0–850.0)

0.027

0.0 (0.0–500.0)

500.0 (500.0–1000.0)

0.007

 Albumin, ml

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–12.2)

0.755

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.212

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.134

 PRBC, units

0.0 (0.0–2.0)

0.0 (0.0–1.0)

1.0 (0.0–2.0)

0.162

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–2.0)

0.045

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–2.0)

0.017

Reversal of NMBA

115 (38.1)

72 (43.1)

43 (32.1)

0.050

16 (34.8)

99 (38.8)

0.603

14 (36.8)

101 (38.4)

0.853

  1. Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (percentage). p values from a Proportions χ2 or Fisher exact tests for proportions and Mann-Whitney U Test for continuous variables bpm beats per minute, etCO2 End-tidal carbon dioxide, FiO2 Inspired fraction of oxygen, MAP Mean arterial pressure, mpm Movements per minute, NMBA Neuromuscular blocking agents, OLV One lung ventilation, PBW Predicted body weight, PEEP Positive end-expiratory pressure, PRBC Packed red blood cells, RM Recruitment maneuver, SpO2 Pulse oximetry, TIVA Total intravenous anesthesia, TLV Total lung ventilation, VT Tidal volume
  2. adata presented as the median used through surgery