Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion Criteria | |
|---|---|
Patients aged between 18 to 65 years old with American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) status I ~ II who are scheduled for elective craniotomy for the treatment of supratentorial gliomas must fulfill the following: | |
1 | Frontal-Parietal-Temporal glioma diagnosed by preoperative MRI |
2 | Glasgow score of 15 without preoperative symptomatic elevated intracranial pressure |
3 | New and/or recurrent intracranial gliomas are allowed |
Exclusion Criteria | |
1 | Unable to comprehend and cooperate with the neurologic examination |
2 | Emergency craniotomy or changed to emergency from elective craniotomy |
3 | Insular lobe is invaded by glioma |
4 | Scheduled intraoperative motor evoked potential monitoring |
5 | Patients with traumatic brain injury, intracerebral hemorrhage, or cerebral vascular diseases |
6 | Patients with prolonged emergence, postoperative mechanical ventilation, and/or sedation dependence due to a definite reason (e.g., surgery itself or tumor location) |
7 | Hypothalamic dysfunction |
8 | Radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy before surgery |
9 | Uncontrolled hypertension or severe heart disease that impairs cardiac function (New York Heart Association Functional Classification ≥ III) |
10 | History of related anesthetic allergy |
11 | Severe endocrine system dysfunction that impair metabolic index |
12 | Impaired mental status |
13 | Drug and/or alcohol abuse |
14 | Pregnant and/or lactation period patients |
15 | Neuromuscular diseases |
16 | Infectious and/or immune diseases with positive biomarker(s) |
17 | Body mass index > = 35 |