Table 2 Clinical outcomes
Group LM (n = 60) | Group UP (n = 60) | Group UM (n = 60) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Primary outcome | ||||
Successful dural puncture on first attempt | 46 (77) *P < 0.001 | 25 (42) | 44 (73) †P < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Secondary Outcomes | ||||
Successful dural puncture on first pass | 15 (33) | 5 (20) | 19 (43) | 0.14 |
Successfull dural puncture | 53 (88) *P = 0.001 | 38 (63) | 48 (80) †P = 0.043 | < 0.001 |
Number of attempts | 1 (1–1) * P = 0.001 | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–1.75) † P = 0.003 | 0.001 |
Number of passes | 2 (0.25–3) *P < 0.001 | 4 (2–7.75) | 2 (0–4) † P < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Time taken to perform spinal anesthesia (s) | 87.24 ± 79.51 *P < 0.001 | 154.58 ± 91.51 | 116.32 ± 98.12 † P = 0.006 | < 0.001 |
Ease of landmark palpation | 0.89 | |||
Easy | 38 (63) | 37 (62) | 36 (60) | |
Moderate | 19 (32) | 18 (30) | 18 (30) | |
Difficult | 3 (5) | 5 (8) | 6 (10) | |
Impossible | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Grading by ultrasound | 0.50 | |||
Good | 40 (70) | 34 (65) | ||
Intermediate | 16 (28) | 18 (35) | ||
Poor | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | ||
Verbal attending assistance | 32 (53) *P < 0.001 | 51 (85) | 29 (48) † P < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Number of patients who developed complications | 10 (17) | 20 (33) | 9 (15) | 0.026 |
Number of complications | 10 | 26 | 9 | |
Paresthesia | 0 | 3 | 0 | |
Blood tap | 9 | 15 | 8 | |
Radicular pain | 1 * P = 0.035 | 8 | 1 † P = 0.019 | |
Periprocedural pain score | 0 (0–0) * P = 0.009 | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) † P = 0.042 | 0.017 |
Satisfaction | 0.002 | |||
Very good | 51 (85.00) | 31 (51.67) | 44 (73.33) | |
Good | 8 (13.33) | 27 (45.00) | 15 (25.00) | |
Satisfactory | 1 (1.67) * P = 0.0004 | 2 (3.33) | 1 (1.67) † P = 0.049 | |