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Table 4 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

From: Induction techniques that reduce redistribution hypothermia: a prospective, randomized, controlled, single blind effectiveness study

Inclusion criteria

Age 18 to 55 years inclusive

Scheduled for general anesthesia where 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen would be used

Endotracheal intubation or laryngeal mask airway insertion would be used

Afebrile (preoperative oral or temporal scan temperature between 36.2 and 37.4 °C inclusive)

Positioned supine or lithotomy

Forced air warming would be used

Expected duration of anesthetic to be at least 60 min

Exclusion criteria

Emergency surgery or any other aspiration risk

Age < 18 years or > 55 years

Pregnant

Incarceration

Febrile illness

Anticipated difficult airway

Contraindication to nitrous oxide use

Contraindication to nasal instrumentation

Nasal surgery

Current or recent epistaxis

Requirement for foreign language interpreter

Allergy to propofol

Malignant hyperthermia risk

Inability to oxygenate on less than 50% oxygen

Cardiac surgery

Neuro-surgery

Receiving vasoactive infusions

Significant valvular heart disease

Unstable cardiac disease

Requiring prone or lateral positioning

Inability to provide informed consent

Inability to use forced air warming

Untreated hypo- or hyper-thyroidism

ASA class 4, 5 or 6a

Anticipated inability to tolerate any of the 4 different anesthetic induction options in this study

  1. aPatients with end stage renal disease on dialysis were classified as ASA 3