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Table 3 Echocardiographic parameters in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement and receiving Placebo or Glucose-Insulin Potassium (GIK) infusion

From: Glucose-insulin-potassium improves left ventricular performances after aortic valve replacement: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial

Parameter

Start surgery

After GIK

End Surgery

P-value

Preload

 End diastolic area (cm2)

  All patients

13.9

(3.3)

13.2

(3.0)

12.6

(3.4)

< 0.001

  Placebo group

13.6

(2.7)

12.9

(2.4)

12.3

(2.9)

< 0.001

  GIK group

14.3

(4.5)

13.5

(3.8)

13.0

(4.1)

0.001

    

Baseline difference

0.362

    

Effect modification by GIK

0.949

Systolic function

 LV FAC (%)

  All patients

47.1

(6.2)

45.4

(8.4)

44.7

(7.8)

0.033

  Placebo group

48.4

(6.1)

45.5

(8.5)

42.7

(8.5)

< 0.001

  GIK group

45.2

(6.0)

45.2

(8.4)

47.5

(5.8)

0.052

    

Baseline difference

0.016

    

Effect modification by GIK

< 0.001

3D-LVEF (%)

 All patients

47.5

(6.4)

46.2

(5.5)

44.1

(6.4)

< 0.001

 Placebo group

49.3

(5.4)

46.3

(5.2)

43.3

(6.8)

< 0.001

 GIK group

44.9

(6.9)

46.0

(5.9)

45.2

(5.7)

0.236

    

Baseline difference

< 0.001

    

Effect modification by GIK

< 0.001

2D-LVEF (%)

 All patients

43.7

(5.3)

42.5

(5.4)

42.5

(5.9)

0.006

 Placebo group

44.7

(4.5)

42.7

(5.3)

42.5

(6.5)

< 0.001

 GIK group

42.2

(6.1)

42.4

(5.7)

42.6

(5.0)

0.722

    

Baseline difference

0.023

    

Effect modification by GIK

0.002

PGLS (%)

 All patients

−12.3

(2.5)

–

–

−12.6

(2.1)

0.151

 Placebo group

−12.6

(2.3)

–

–

−12.6

(1.9)

0.985

 GIK group

−11.8

(2.7)

–

–

−12.6

(2.4)

0.014

    

Baseline difference

0.157

    

Effect modification by GIK

0.076

LV systolic strain rate (s−1)

 All patients

−1.04

(0.29)

–

–

−1.07

(0.24)

0.174

 Placebo group

−1.07

(0.26)

–

–

−1.07

(0.25)

1.000

 GIK group

−0.99

(0.32)

–

–

−1.07

(0.23)

0.053

    

Baseline difference

0.202

    

Effect modification by GIK

0.094

Diastolic function

 E-wave velocity (cm/s)

  All patients

58.8

(14.2)

56.9

(13.6)

58.2

(16.3)

0.505

  Placebo group

59.8

(13.5)

56.3

(13.4)

56.2

(17.8)

0.229

  GIK group

57.2

(15.3)

57.7

(14.0)

61.0

(13.7)

0.286

    

Baseline difference

0.391

    

Effect modification by GIK

0.136

A-wave velocity (cm/s)

 All patients

59.5

(16.0)

58.4

(15.4)

58.8

(19.2)

0.707

 Placebo group

57.9

(14.3)

58.0

(14.1)

63.1

(20.6)

0.047

 GIK group

61.8

(18.0)

58.9

(17.3)

52.8

(15.2)

< 0.001

    

Baseline difference

0.249

    

Effect modification by GIK

< 0.001

E/A ratio

 All patients

1.06

(0.43)

1.05

(0.41)

1.09

(0.54)

0.660

 Placebo group

1.12

(0.48)

1.03

(0.38)

0.99

(0.62)

0.274

 GIK group

0.99

(0.34)

1.08

(0.46)

1.22

(0.39)

< 0.001

    

Baseline difference

0.161

    

Effect modification by GIK

0.007

Pressure half-time (ms)

 All patients

55.0

(14.9)

53.8

(13.7)

51.3

(13.9)

0.210

 Placebo group

54.6

(14.3)

54.4

(14.4)

51.0

(13.4)

0.851

 GIK group

55.6

(15.9)

52.9

(12.8)

51.7

(14.8)

0.082

    

Baseline difference

0.757

    

Effect modification by GIK

0.235

Isovolemic relaxation time (ms)

 All patients

88.3

(37.0)

89.0

(35.7)

83.6

(33.5)

0.133

 Placebo group

90.8

(37.9)

87.4

(36.2)

84.5

(37.6)

0.229

 GIK group

84.7

(35.7)

91.2

(35.4)

82.4

(27.0)

0.126

    

Baseline difference

0.440

    

Effect modification by GIK

0.213

S-wave velocity (LUPV) (cm/s)

 All patients

30.8

(9.3)

29.7

(9.7)

27.6

(9.5)

0.015

 Placebo group

31.7

(9.6)

29.4

(9.8)

26.7

(9.5)

0.011

 GIK group

29.4

(8.8)

30.2

(9.5)

28.9

(9.5)

0.336

    

Baseline difference

0.247

    

Effect modification by GIK

0.015

D-wave velocity (LUPV) (cm/s)

 All patients

23.2

(6.8)

22.1

(6.7)

22.3

(10.5

0.397

 Placebo group

22.8

(6.9)

22.8

(7.6)

23.8

(11.8)

0.652

 GIK group

23.8

(6.8)

21.2

(4.9)

20.3

(6.7)

0.005

    

Baseline difference

0.520

    

Effect modification by GIK

0.065

A-wave velocity (LUPV) (cm/s)

 All patients

11.8

(4.2)

11.8

(4.3)

9.8

(4.8)

< 0.001

 Placebo group

12.4

(4.2)

12.1

(4.8)

7.9

(4.4)

< 0.001

 GIK group

10.8

(4.0)

11.3

(3.6)

12.4

(4.1)

0.076

    

Baseline difference

0.066

    

Effect modification by GIK

< 0.001

S/D ratio

 All patients

1.42

(0.59)

1.44

(0.62)

1.42

(0.68)

0.871

 Placebo group

1.46

(0.49)

1.38

(0.53)

1.35

(0.69)

0.429

 GIK group

1.35

(0.71)

1.52

(0.73)

1.52

(0.66)

0.119

    

Baseline difference

0.385

    

Effect modification by GIK

0.080

Early lateral velocity (cm/s)

 All patients

10.2

(2.9)

9.5

(2.7)

8.2

(2.3)

<  0.001

 Placebo group

10.4

(2.9)

9.5

(2.7)

7.4

(2.2)

< 0.001

 GIK group

9.8

(2.9)

9.6

(2.7)

9.3

(2.1)

0.274

    

Baseline difference

0.387

    

Effect modification by GIK

< 0.001

Late lateral velocity (cm/s)

 All patients

9.0

(2.5)

8.7

(2.2)

7.5

(2.2)

< 0.001

 Placebo group

9.0

(2.7)

8.9

(2.2)

7.8

(2.4)

0.002

 GIK group

8.9

(2.2)

8.4

(2.2)

6.9

(1.7)

< 0.001

    

Baseline difference

0.815

    

Effect modification by GIK

0.236

Early septal velocity (cm/s)

 All patients

6.1

(1.6)

5.7

(1.5)

4.9

(1.4)

< 0.001

 Placebo group

6.0

(1.5)

5.6

(1.5)

4.5

(1.2)

< 0.001

 GIK group

6.3

(1.6)

5.9

(1.6)

5.6

(1.4)

0.010

    

Baseline difference

0.445

    

Effect modification by GIK

0.019

Late septal velocity (cm/s)

 All patients

5.8

(1.9)

5.5

(1.8)

4.5

(1.7)

< 0.001

 Placebo group

5.6

(2.0)

5.3

(1.9)

4.8

(1.8)

0.003

 GIK group

6.0

(1.8)

5.7

(1.6)

4.1

(1.4)

< 0.001

    

Baseline difference

0.342

    

Effect modification by GIK

0.003

E/e’ ratio

 All patients

6.2

(2.4)

6.4

(2.5)

7.6

(3.1)

< 0.001

 Placebo group

6.2

(2.2)

6.4

(2.8)

8.2

(3.7)

< 0.001

 GIK group

6.3

(2.6)

6.4

(2.0)

6.8

(1.7)

0.342

    

Baseline difference

0.828

    

Effect modification by GIK

0.026

Flow Propagation Velocity (cm/s)

 All patients

42.6

(7.3)

41.3

(6.7)

40.2

(7.0)

0.014

 Placebo group

44.0

(6.9)

39.5

(5.9)

36.3

(6.1)

< 0.001

 GIK group

40.6

(7.6)

43.8

(7.0)

45.7

(3.9)

< 0.001

    

Baseline difference

0.030

    

Effect modification by GIK

< 0.001

  1. Data given as mean (standard deviation)
  2. Repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Greenhouse-Geisser correction was used to estimate trend differences between and within group differences
  3. LV FAC, left ventricular fractional area change; 3D-LVEF, three-dimensional left ventricular ejection fraction; 2D-LVEF, two-dimensional left ventricular ejection fraction; PGLS, peak global longitudinal strain; LUPV, left upper pulmonary vein
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BMC Anesthesiology

ISSN: 1471-2253

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