Fig. 5From: Effects of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharide on postoperative cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation through targeting of the gut-brain axisEffects of B-GOS on surgery-induced inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus. Concentrations of IL-6 (a) and IL-4 (b) in hippocampus. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 3 per group). *P < .05 and **P < .01 for comparisons shownBack to article page