Characteristics | Training data (N = 7439) | Internal validation data (N = 3189) | External validation data (N = 10,170) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Epidural re-siting | Epidural re-siting | Epidural re-siting | ||||
No (N = 7382) | Yes (N = 57) | No (N = 3153) | Yes (N = 36) | No (N = 10,084) | Yes (N = 86) | |
Demographic Data | ||||||
Age (years), mean (SD) | 30.2 (5.0) | 31.2 (4.3) | 30.2 (4.9) | 30.0 (4.6) | 29.9 (5.0) | 29.1 (5.0) |
Race, n(%) | ||||||
Chinese | 3421 (46.3) | 22 (38.6) | 1488 (47.2) | 11 (30.6) | 4805 (47.6) | 31 (36.0) |
Indian | 956 (13.0) | 9 (15.8) | 407 (12.9) | 8 (22.2) | 1263 (12.5) | 14 (16.3) |
Malay | 1657 (22.4) | 15 (26.3) | 648 (20.6) | 11 (30.6) | 2361 (23.4) | 19 (22.1) |
Others | 1348 (18.3) | 11 (19.3) | 610 (19.3) | 6 (16.7) | 1655 (16.4) | 22 (25.6) |
Maternal weight (kg), mean (SD) | 68.2 (13.1) | 70.7 (12.1) | 68.0 (12.9) | 69.2 (12.4) | 69.2 (13.0) | 71.8 (14.3) |
Maternal height (cm), mean (SD) | 160 (6) | 160 (6) | 160 (5) | 160 (6) | 158.7 (8.5) | 157.6 (6.3) |
Maternal BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 27.1 (6.0) | 28.1 (4.2) | 27.0 (4.8) | 28.1 (4.6) | 27.5 (5.5) | 28.9 (5.1) |
Obstetric Data | ||||||
Quantity of dinoprostone, mean (SD) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.6 (1.1) | 1.2 (2.7) | 2.1 (2.7) |
Cervical dilatation pre-neuraxial blockade (cm), mean (SD) | 3.5 (1.0) | 3.2 (0.8) | 3.5 (1.0) | 3.0 (0.8) | 3.5 (1.2) | 3.1 (0.9) |
Mode of delivery, n (%) | ||||||
Instrumental delivery | 738 (10.0) | 2 (3.5) | 293 (9.3) | 8 (22.2) | 1017 (10.1) | 11 (12.8) |
Caesarean Section | 1288 (17.5) | 22 (38.6) | 498 (15.8) | 11 (30.6) | 1675 (16.7) | 29 (33.7) |
Normal vaginal delivery | 5355 (72.6) | 33 (57.9) | 2362 (74.9) | 17 (47.2) | 7345 (73.2) | 46 (53.5) |
Spontaneous labour onset, n (%) | ||||||
No | 3532 (47.8) | 31 (54.4) | 1537 (48.7) | 17 (47.2) | 5293 (52.5) | 46 (53.5) |
Yes | 3850 (52.2) | 26 (45.6) | 1616 (51.3) | 19 (52.8) | 4791 (47.5) | 40 (46.5) |
Labour onset, artificial rupture of membranes, n(%) | ||||||
No | 5530 (74.9) | 46 (80.7) | 2348 (74.5) | 31 (86.1) | 7091 (70.3) | 71 (82.6) |
Yes | 1852 (25.1) | 11 (19.3) | 805 (25.5) | 5 (13.9) | 2993 (29.7) | 15 (17.4) |
Labour onset, dinoprostone insertion, n (%) | ||||||
No | 5435 (73.6) | 37 (64.9) | 2309 (3.2) | 23 (63.9) | 7133 (70.7) | 49 (57.0) |
Yes | 1947 (26.4) | 20 (35.1) | 844 (26.8) | 13 (36.1) | 2951 (29.3) | 37 (43.0) |
Anaesthetic Data | ||||||
Type of anaesthetic technique, n (%) | ||||||
CSE | 6878 (93.2) | 52 (91.2) | 2929 (92.9) | 29 (80.6) | 9548 (94.8) | 75 (87.2) |
Epidural | 504 (6.8) | 5 (8.8) | 224 (7.1) | 7 (19.4) | 526 (5.2) | 11 (12.8) |
Number of anaesthetists, n (%) | ||||||
1 | 7228 (97.9) | 56 (98.2) | 3106 (98.5) | 35 (97.2) | 9923 (98.5) | 84 (97.7) |
2 | 152 (2.1) | 1 (1.8) | 46 (1.5) | 1 (2.8) | 152 (1.5) | 1 (1.2) |
3 | 2 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) |
Time taken for neuraxial block (min), mean (SD) | 7.9 (5.9) | 8.2 (6.0) | 7.6 (5.2) | 10.4 (7.8) | 6.9 (4.8) | 9.2 (7.2) |
Post epidural pain score, median (IQR) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 (1.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) |
Total volume of local anaesthetic infused at delivery (ml), mean (SD) | 57.1 (44.1) | 92.6 (69.5) | 57.1 (44.0) | 87.6 (62.0) | 56.3 (43.1) | 87.3 (59.5) |
Incidence of breakthrough pain, n (%) | ||||||
Yes | 994 (13.5) | 43 (75.4) | 430 (13.6) | 31 (86.1) | 1386 (13.7) | 68 (79.1) |
No | 6388 (86.5) | 14 (24.6) | 2723 (86.4) | 5 (13.9) | 8698 (86.3) | 18 (20.9) |
Hypotension, n (%) | ||||||
Yes | 50 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 16 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 77 (0.8) | 4 (4.7) |
No | 7332 (99.3) | 57 (100.0) | 3137 (99.5) | 36 (100.0) | 10,007 (99.2) | 82 (95.3) |
Shivering, n (%) | ||||||
Yes | 1681 (22.8) | 13 (22.8) | 676 (21.4) | 8 (22.2) | 2526 (25.0) | 32 (37.2) |
No | 5701 (77.2) | 44 (77.2) | 2477 (78.6) | 28 (77.8) | 7558 (75) | 54 (62.8) |
Inability to obtain CSF in the CSE technique, n (%) | ||||||
Yes | 113 (1.5) | 5 (8.8) | 48 (1.5) | 5 (13.9) | 169 (1.7) | 7 (8.1) |
No | 7269 (98.5) | 52 (91.2) | 3105 (98.5) | 31 (86.1) | 9915 (98.3) | 79 (91.9) |
Venous puncture, n (%) | ||||||
Yes | 219 (3.0) | 6 (10.5) | 104 (3.3) | 8 (22.2) | 318 (3.2) | 10 (11.6) |
No | 7163 (97.0) | 51 (89.5) | 3049 (96.7) | 28 (77.8) | 9766 (96.8) | 76 (88.4) |
Inability to pass catheter through epidural needle, n(%) | ||||||
Yes | 26 (0.4) | 1 (1.8) | 9 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.0) | 2 (2.3) |
No | 7356 (99.6) | 56 (98.2) | 3144 (99.7) | 36 (100.0) | 10,079 (100.0) | 84 (97.7) |