Dexmedetomidine prevents acute kidney injury after adult cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Table 5 Subgroup analyses for the potential sources of heterogeneity

Subgroup	Endpoint	No. of Comparisons	OR WMD	95% CI	P Value	I²	P_Difference Value
1. Age(years)	AKI	9	0.64	0.41~ 1.01	0.06	43.8%	0.18
≥ 60		5	0.54	0.31~ 0.94	0.03	32%
< 60		4	1.12	0.45~ 2.79	0.81	0%
2. Gender(Male%)	AKI	9	0.64	0.41~ 1.01	0.06	0%	0.91
≥ 60		4	0.70	0.28~ 1.74	0.45	47%
< 60		5	0.75	0.46~ 1.20	0.22	0.0%
3. Previous DM (%)	AKI	8	0.64	0.41 ~ 1.01	0.22	0%	0.86
≥ 25		4	0.75	0.48 ~ 1.18	0.22	0%
< 25		4	0.68	0.21 ~ 2.14	0.51	49%
4.CPB duration(minutes)	AKI	7	0.65	0.38 ~ 1.14	0.13	0%	0.59
≥ 100		3	0.61	0.27 ~ 1.36	0.22	60%
< 100		4	0.85	0.34 ~ 2.15	0.73	0%
5.Statin (%)	AKI	9	0.64	0.41 ~ 1.01	0.06	43.8%	0.18
≥ 60		5	0.54	0.31~ 0.94	0.03	32%
< 60		4	1.12	0.45 ~ 2.79	0.81	0%
6.Loading dose use	AKI	10	0.65	0.45 ~ 0.92	0.02	0%	0.86
Yes		4	0.72	0.24 ~ 2.10	0.54	0%
No		6	0.64	0.40 ~ 1.02	0.06	16%
7. Continuous infusion	AKI	9	0.61	0.42 ~ 0.88	0.008	68.3%	0.08
≥ 0.1 μg/kg/h		6	0.76	0.49~ 1.18	0.22	0%
< 0.1 μg/kg/h		3	0.37	0.19 ~ 0.72	0.003	0%
8. Control drugs	AKI	11	0.65	0.45 ~ 0.92	0.02	0%	0.33
Placebo		7	0.60	0.40 ~ 0.89	0.01	2%
Others		4	0.96	0.40 ~ 2.29	0.93	0%
9. Dex administration	AKI	11	0.65	0.45 ~ 0.92	0.02	0%	0.21
Pre/Intraoperation		8	0.59	0.40 ~ 0.87	0.007	0%
Postoperation		3	1.11	0.45 ~ 2.74	0.83	0%
10. Surgical procedures	AKI	11	0.65	0.45 ~ 0.92	0.02	0%	0.87
CABG or Aortic surgery		4	0.72	0.24 ~ 2.16	0.56	0%
Combined		7	0.65	0.38 ~ 1.14	0.13	33%
11. JADAD score	AKI	11	0.65	0.45 ~ 0.92	0.02	65.7%	0.09
≥ 3		9	0.59	0.41 ~ 0.86	0.006	0%
< 3		2	1.88	0.53 ~ 6.73	0.33	0%

Abbreviations: AKI Acute kidney injury, OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, DM Diabetes mellitus, CPB Cardiopulmonary bypass, Dex Dexmedetomidine, CABG Coronary artery bypass graft

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