Table 3 Secondary outcomes from trials with low risk of bias and all trials

 6-h VAS at rest

Low risk of bias

26.0 mm

(24.8, 27.2; 1 trial)

-

3.0 mm

(−12.9, 18.9; 1 trial)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

5.0 mm

(−0.7, 10.7; 2 trials)

P = 0.36

 6-h VAS at rest

All trials

13.6 mm

(95% CI: −6.2, 33.4; p = 0.18; 3 trials; TSA adj. CI: -; 4.4%)

P = 0.87

16.4 mm

(95% CI: 11.9, 21.0; p < 0.00001; 16 trials; TSA adj. CI: 11.9, 21.0; 104.3%)

P = 0.05

7.8 mm

(95% CI: 1.9, 13.7; p = 0.01; 7 trials; TSA adj. CI: −1.1, 16.7; 51.9%)

P = 0.15

Not estimable

-

10.2 mm

(95% CI: 2.3, 18.0; p = 0.01; 7 trials; TSA adj. CI: −5.7, 26.0; 29.6%)

P = 0.59

6.6 mm

(95% CI: 0.8, 12.4; p = 0.05; 6 trials; TSA adj.CI: −3.0, 12.3; 59.2%)

P = 0.02

 6-h VAS at mobilization

Low risk of bias

11.5 mm

(10.3, 12.7; 1 trial)

-

13.0 mm

(−26.0, 52.0; 1 trial)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

8.9 mm

(1.6, 16.1; 1 trial)

-

 6-h VAS at mobilization

All trials

11.5 mm

(95%CI: 10.3, 12.7; p < 0.00001; 1 trial; TSA adj. CI: -)

P = 0.04

8.5 mm

(95%CI: 2.8, 14.2; p = 0.004; 6 trials; TSA adj.CI: 0.2, 16.7; 56.1%)

P = 0.97

5.2 mm

(95%CI: −1.6, 12.0; p = 0.14; 6 trials; TSA adj.CI: −5.1, 15.7; 44.8%)

P = 0.07

Not estimable

-

10.0 mm

(95%CI: 1.1, 19.0; p = 0.03; 1 trial; TSA adj. CI: -)

P = 0.73

10.9 mm

(95%CI: 4.4, 17.4; p = 0.001; 4 trials; TSA adj.CI: 0.1, 21.7; 42.8%)

P = 0.41

 24-h VAS at rest

Low risk of bias

7.0 mm

(5.8, 8.2; 1 trial)

-

9.0 mm

(−2.8, 20.8; 1 trial)

-

-

-

0.9 mm

(−6.3, 8.1; 1 trial)

-

-

-

4.2 mm

(−0.2, 8.5; 2 trials)

P = 0.06

 24-h VAS at rest

All trials

3.2 mm

(95% CI: −1.9, 8.4; p = 0.22; 3 trials; TSA adj.CI: −3.3, 9.8; 69.1%)

P = 0.1

10.5 mm

(95% CI: 6.9, 14.2; p < 0.00001; 15 trials; TSA adj.CI: 6.7, 14.4; 136.3%)

P = 0.02

2.6 mm

(95% CI: −3.2, 8.5; p = 0.2; 3 trials; TSA adj. CI: −3.2, 8.5; 112.9%)

P = 0.02

1.0 mm

(95% CI: −1.7, 3.7; p = 0.45; 3 trials; TSA adj.CI: −3.9, 6.0; 248.0%)

P = 0.001

6.2 mm

(95% CI: 0.9, 11.6; p = 0.02; 6 trials; TSA adj.CI: 0.9, 13.3; 64.1%)

P = 0.61

9.7 mm

(95% CI: 2.4, 17.1; p = 0.01; 8 trials; TSA adj.CI: −4.2, 23.7; 33.6%)

P = 0.51

 24-h VAS at mobilization

Low risk of bias

16.0 mm

(15.1, 16.9; 1 trial)

-

0.5 mm

(−36.5, 37.5; 1 trial)

-

-

-

0.5 mm

(−11.4, 12.3; 1 trial)

-

-

-

0.1 mm

(−8.9, 9.1; 1 trial)

-

 24-h VAS at mobilization

All trials

16.0 mm

(95% CI: 15.1, 16.9; p < 0.0001; 1 trial; TSA adj. CI: -)

P < 0.00001

7.7 mm

(95% CI: −8.2, 23.6; p = 0.34; 5 trials; TSA adj.CI: −16.3, 25.4; 22.5%)

P = 0.91

3.1 mm

(95% CI: −13.6, 19.8; p = 0.72; 3 trials; −65.1, 71.3; 6.5%)

P = 0.87

Increase 6.5 mm (95% CI: 3.0, 9.9;

p = 0.0002; 2 trials; TSA adj.CI: +2.5, +10.5; 150.7%)

P = 0.0008

Not estimable

-

3.0 mm

(95% CI: −4.5, 10.4; p = 0.43; 6 trials; TSA adj.CI: −11.2, 17.1; 33.1%)

P = 0.86

 Nausea

Low risk of bias

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.8

(0.6,1.0; 2 trials)

P = 0.5

-

-

0.7

(0.5, 0.9; 1 trial)

-

 Nausea

All trials

0.5

(95% CI: 0.25, 0.99; p = 0.05; 1 trial; TSA adj. CI: -)

P = 0.16

0.77

(95% CI: 0.63, 0.95; p = 0.01; 11 trials; TSA adj. CI: 0.6, 1.1; 49.4%)

P = 0.73

1.38

(95% CI: 0.85, 2.23; p = 0.19; 3 trials; TSA adj. CI: -; 2.69%)

P = 0.33

0.83

(95% CI: 0.66, 1.03; p = 0.08; 4 trials; TSA adj. CI: -; 79.7%)

P = 0.91

1.07

(95% CI: 0.68, 1.68; p = 0.78; 8 trials; TSA adj. CI: 0.4, 3.2; 22.8%)

P = 0.29

0.66

(95% CI: 0.5, 0.88; p = 0.005; 5 trials; TSA adj. CI: 0.4, 1.0; 49.9%)

P = 0.1

 Vomiting

Low risk of bias

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1.1

(0.7, 1.6; 1 trial)

-

 Vomiting

All trials

0.5

(95%CI: 0.21, 1.16; p = 0.11; 1 trial; TSA adj. CI: -)

P = 0.28

0.71

(95% CI: 0.57, 0.9; p = 0.005; 9 trials; TSA adj. CI: 0.5, 1.0; 71.7%)

P = 0.61

0.81

(95% CI: 0.48, 1.37; p = 0.44; 5 trials; TSA adj. CI: 0.1, 6.9; 16.5%)

P = 0.92

0.64

(95% CI: 0.26, 1.59; p = 0.34; 1 trial; TSA adj. CI: -)

P = 0.66

0.61

(95% CI: 0.33, 1.12; p = 0.11; 7 trials; TSA adj. CI: 0.2, 2.3; 18.6%)

P = 0.51

1.01

(95% CI: 0.69, 1.49; p = 0.96; 5 trials; TSA adj. CI: 0.2, 4.9; 8.0%)

P = 0.32

 Sedation

Low risk of bias

1.8

(0.8, 3.9; 1 trial)

-

0.8

(0.4, 1.6; 1 trial)

-

-

-

0.9

(0.7, 1.2; 1 trial)

-

-

-

1.2

(0.7, 2.3; 2 trials)

P = 0.55

 Sedation

All trials

3.28

(95% CI: 1.55, 6.94; p = 0.002; 5 trials; TSA adj. CI: -; 3.9%)

P = 0.009

1.08

(95% CI: 0.81, 1.45; p = 0.61; 7 trials; TSA adj. CI: 0.5, 2.2; 23.2%)

P = 0.06

1.04

(95% CI: 0.75, 1.44; p = 0.83; 2 trials; TSA adj. CI: -; 4.8%)

P = 0.06

0.97

(95% CI: 0.76, 1.24; p = 0.82; 2 trials; TSA adj. CI: 0.7, 1.6; 44.3%)

P = 0.01

2.65

(95% CI: 0.94, 7.52; p = 0.07; 7 trials; TSA adj. CI: -; 2.3%)

P = 0.19

1.34

(95% CI: 0.78, 2.32; p = 0.29; 5 trials; TSA adj. CI: 0.1, 12.5; 10.8%)

P = 0.68

 Dizziness

Low risk of bias

1.0

(0.7, 1.4; 1 trial)

-

6.2

(1.1, 34.0; 1 trial)

-

-

-

0.7

(0.2, 2.1; 1 trial)

-

-

-

1.0

(0.8, 1.3; 2 trials)

P = 0.64

 Dizziness

All trials

0.7

(95% CI: 0.52, 0.94; p = 0.02; 6 trials; TSA adj. CI: 0.2, 2.6; 27.1%)

P = 0.01

1.34

(95% CI: 0.95, 1.89; p = 0.1; 11 trials; TSA adj. CI: 0.3, 5.6; 16.8%)

P = 0.2

1.03

(95% CI: 0.74, 1.43; p = 0.88; 5 trials; TSA adj. CI: 0.6, 2.1; 31.4%)

P = 0.84

0.72

(95% CI: 0.32, 1.66; p = 0.45; 3 trials; TSA adj. CI: 0.0, 18.1; 5.6%)

P = 0.44

1.49

(95% CI: 0.77, 2.86; p = 0.24; 6 trials; TSA adj. CI: 0.6, 3.1; 31.4%)

P = 0.22

1.04

(95% CI: 0.85, 1.26; p = 0.7; 4 trials; TSA adj. CI: 0.7, 1.5; 36.4%)

P = 0.66