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Fig. 4 | BMC Anesthesiology

Fig. 4

From: The antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine suppresses lidocaine-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species production and cell death in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells

Fig. 4

Effects of an endogenous antioxidant on lidocaine-induced cell death. a–c SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to the indicated concentrations of lidocaine (0, 4, or 10 mM) for 24 h in the presence or absence of pretreatment with 5 or 10 μM teprenone (geranylgeranylacetone, GGA) for 24 h. a Cell viability and b caspase-3/7 activity were evaluated by MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] and Apo-ONE™ Homogeneous Caspase-3/7 Assay analysis, respectively (n = 3 for each). c Graphic depiction of the levels of cell death among treated and untreated cell populations, as evaluated by flow cytometry (n = 4). The ratio with PI or annexin V positive cells were indicated as dead cells. d–f SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to the indicated concentrations of lidocaine (0, 1, 4, or 10 mM) for 24 h in the presence or absence of pretreatment with 10 μM recombinant human thioredoxin (rhTRX) for 2 h. Graphic depictions of (d) cell viability (n = 3), (e) caspase-3/7 activity (n = 3), and (f) cell death (n = 4), as determined by MTS, Apo-ONE™ Homogeneous Caspase-3/7, and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. All data were expressed as means ± standard deviations (SD). Differences between results were evaluated by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s test for multiple comparisons in each group. *p < 0.05 compared with the control cell population at time 0 h (no treatment). #p < 0.05 compared with the control treatment population in the same group

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