Table 1 Included randomized controlled trials for effects of thoracic epidural analgesia on oxygenation and pulmonary shunt fraction during One-lung ventilation

Ozcan et al [5]

25 G-TIVA

G-TIVA/ISO: induced: fentanyl (3 μg.kg⁻¹), propofol (BIS < 45) , vecuronium (0.1 mg.kg⁻¹)

hemodynamic variables: HR, MAP; Intrapulmonary shunt: PvO₂, PaO₂,Qs/Qt

25G-TIVA-TEA

Maintained: propofol or isoflurane respectively (according to BIS value)

25 G-ISO

G-TIVA/ISO-TEA: T7-T8 epidural with initial 2 % lidocaine 2 mL ,0.1 % bupivacaine +0.1 mg.kg⁻¹ morphine 10 mL, then induced the same as G-TIVA/ISO group

25 G-ISO-TEA

Maintained: 0.1 % bupivacaine +0.1 mg.kg⁻¹ morphine 7 ml.h^-1, and maintained with propofol or isoflurane respectively (according to BIS value)

Garutti et al. [6]

30 G-TIVA

G-TIVA: induced: fentanyl (3 μg.kg⁻¹), midazolam (2-3 mg) , propofol (2 mg/kg), rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg)

hemodynamic variables: HR, MAP; Intrapulmonary shunt: PvO₂,PaO₂,Qs/Qt,PaCO₂, PH,SvO₂,SaO₂,CaO₂,CvO_2; Other: Hb, Paw

30 G-TIVA-TEA

Maintained: fentanyl (3 μg.kg⁻¹), propfol (6–7 mg^.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹); rocuronium (0.5 mg^.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹)

G-TIVA-TEA: T6-T7 or T7-T8 epidural with initial 6–8 ml bupivacaine, then induced: same as G-TIVA group

Maintained: 0.375 % bupivacaine (6–7 mL.h⁻¹), propofol (6–7 mg^.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹), rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg)

Jung et al. [8]

13G-TIVA

G-TIVA: induced: fentanyl (50–100 μg), propofol (4–5 μg/ml), vecuronium (0.1 mg.kg⁻¹)

hemodynamic variables: HR, MAP, CVP. MPAP, PAOP, CO, SVR, PVR; Intrapulmonary shunt: PvO₂,PaO₂,Qs/Qt,PaCO₂, PH, SvO₂,SaO_2; Other: Hb, Paw

13G-TIVA-TEA-B

Maintained: 20 μg/ml remifentanil, 0.2 ml.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹; vecuronium (2–2.5 mg^..h⁻¹), propofol (according to BIS)

13G-TIVA-TEA-S

G-TIVA-TEA-B: T5-T6 or T6-T7 epidural with initial 10 ml 5 % bupivacaine, then induced: same as G-TIVA group.

Maintained: 0.25 % bupivacaine 0.1 ml.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹, propofol (6–7 mg^.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹), vecuronium (2–2.5 mg^..h⁻¹), propofol (according to BIS)

G-TIVA-TEA-S: T5-T6 or T6-T7 epidural with initial 10 ml 50 μg sufentanil , then induced :same as G-TIVA group

Maintained: 1 μg/ml sufentanil 0.1 ml.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹), propofol (6–7 mg^.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹), vecuronium (2–2.5 mg^..h⁻¹), propofol (according to BIS)

Garutti et al. [9]

37 G-TIVA

G-TIVA: induced: fentanyl (3 μg.kg⁻¹), midazolam (0.04 mg/kg), propofol (2 mg/kg), rocuronium (0.6 mg.kg⁻¹)

hemodynamic variables: HR, MAP; Intrapulmonary shunt: PvO₂,PaO₂,Qs/Qt,PaCO₂, PH,SvO₂,SaO₂,CaO₂,CvO_2; Other: Hb, Paw

Maintained: fentanyl (2–3 μg.kg⁻¹), propfol (6–7 mg.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹); rocuronium (0.5 mg.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹)

35 G-TIVA-TEA

G-TIVA-TEA: T6-T7 or T7-T8 epidural with initial meperidine 2 mg.kg⁻¹ diluted in avolume of 10–12 mL, then induced :same as G-TIVA group

Maintained: propofol (6–7 mg^.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹), rocuronium(0.5 mg^.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹)

Dossow et al. [10]

25 G-TIVA

G-TIVA: induced: fentanyl (5–10 μg.kg⁻¹), thiopental (3–5 mg.kg⁻¹), panccuronium (0.1 mg.kg⁻¹)

hemodynamic variables; HR, MAP, PAOP, MPAP, CVP; Intrapulmonary shunt: PvO₂,SVR,PVR

25 G-TIVA-TEA

Maintained: fentanyl (5–10 μg.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹), propfol (6–10 mg^.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹), panccuronium(0.05–0.15 mg.kg⁻¹)

G-TIVA-TEA: T_6–7 or T_7–8 epidural with initial 0.5 % bupivacaine 15 mg, then induced the same as G-TIVA group

Maintained: 0.5 % bupivacaine (range 15–25 mg), propfol (6–10 mg^.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹), panccuronium (0.05–0.15 mg.kg⁻¹)

Feng Y et al. [11]

12G-TIVA

G-TIVA: induced :fentanyl (3 μg.kg⁻¹), propfol (1 mg.kg⁻1) , Vecuronim (0.1 mg.kg⁻¹)

hemodynamic variables; HR, MAP, MPAP, CVP, CO; Intrapulmonary shunt: PaO₂, PaCO₂, Qs/Qt

Maintained: propfol (9–12 mg^.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹), Vecuronim (0.1 mg.kg⁻¹), T_7–8 or T_8–9 epidural with initial 1 % lidocaine 5 ml ,then maintained with normal saline 5 ml/h

12G-TIVA-TEA

G-TIVA-TEA: T_7–8 or T_8–9 epidural with initial 0.5 % ropivacaine 7–9 ml, then induced the same as G-TIVA group.

Maintaine with epidural ropivacaine 3–5 ml.h⁻¹ combined with propfol (4.8–7.2 mg^.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹), Vecuronim (0.1 mg.kg⁻¹)

Lu JH et al. [12]

10 G-SEV

G-SEV: induced: fentanyl (100 μg ), propfol (2 mg.kg⁻1), vecuronim (0.1 mg.kg⁻¹)

Intrapulmonary shunt: PaO₂, PaCO₂, P_ETCO_2; Other: Hb, Paw

10 G-SEV-TEA

Maintained: 0.5–1.3 MAC sevofrane, panccuronium (not mentioned)

G-SEV-TEA: T_5–6 or T_6–7 epidural with initial 1.0 % lidocaine 5 ml then induced as G-SEV.

Maintained: epidural with 1.0 % lidocaine 5 ml.45mins⁻¹, combined with sevofrane(0.5–1.3MAC), panccuronium (not mentioned)

Wang et al. [13]

30 G-TIVA

G-TIVA: induced: fentanyl (2 μg.kg⁻¹), midazolam (0.1 mg.kg-1), propfol (1.2–2.0 mg.kg⁻¹) , vecuronim (0.1 mg.kg⁻¹)

Intrapulmonary shunt: PaO₂, PaCO₂, Qs/Qt

30G-TIVA-TEA

Maintained: fentanyl (0.2 μg.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹), propfol (3–6 mg^.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹), vecuronium(0.05 mg.kg⁻¹)

G-TIVA-TEA: T_6–7 epidural with initial 1.0 % lidocaine 5 ml then induced as G- TIVA.

Maintained: epidural with 1.0 % lidocaine mixed with 0.25 % bupivacaine 5 ml.h⁻¹, combined with propfol (3–6 mg^.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹), vecuronium(0.05 mg.kg⁻¹)

Wang et al. [14]

16 G-ISO

G-ISO: induced: fentanyl (2 μg.kg⁻¹), midazolam (0.1 mg.kg-1), propfol (1.0–2.0 mg.kg⁻¹), vecuronim (0.16 mg.kg⁻¹)

hemodynamic variables: HR, MAP; Intrapulmonary shunt: PaO₂, PaCO₂, PvO_2, Qs/Qt

14 G-ISO-TEA

Maintained: isoflurane (2.0–4.0MAC), fentanyl (50 μg)

G-ISO-TEA: T_6–7 or T_7-8epidural with initial 2.0 % lidocaine 3 ml then induced as G- ISO.

Maintained: epidural with 0.5 % bupivacaine 5 ml.h⁻¹, combined with propfol (4–6 mg^.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹)

Wang et al. [15]

15 G-ISO

G-ISO: induced: fentanyl (2 μg.kg⁻¹), midazolam (0.05 mg.kg-1), propfol (1.5–2.0 mg.kg⁻¹), vecuronim (0.1 mg.kg⁻¹)

hemodynamic variables: HR, MAP; Intrapulmonary shunt: PaO₂/Fio₂, Qs/Qt Other: Paw

15 G-ISO-TEA

Maintained: isoflurane (0.5–1.3MAC), vecuronim (not mentioned)

G-ISO-TEA: T_10–11 epidural with initial 0.5 % lidocaine then induced as G- ISO.

Maintained: epidural with 0.5 % lidocaine 5 ml.h⁻¹, combined with isoflurane (0.5–1.3MAC), vecuronim (not mentioned)

Chen et al. [16]

13 G-TIVA

G-TIVA: induced: fentanyl (3 μg.kg⁻¹), midazolam (0.1 mg.kg-1), propfol (1.0–2.0 mg.kg⁻¹), vecuronim (0.1 mg.kg⁻¹)

hemodynamic variables; HR, MAP; Intrapulmonary shunt: PaO₂,PaCO₂,PvO_2,Qs/Qt, SvO₂,SaO₂,CaO_2,CvO₂, P_ETCO_2, pH; Other: Paw

13G-TIVA-TEA

Maintained: fentanyl (0.2 μg.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹), propfol (3–6 mg^.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹), vecuronium(0.05 mg.kg⁻¹)

G-TIVA-TEA: T_6–7 epidural with initial 1.0 % lidocaine mixed with 0.375 % bupivacaine 8–10 ml then induced as G- TIVA.

Maintained: epidural with mixture of lidocaine and bupivacaine 5 ml.h⁻¹, combined with propfol (3–6 mg^.kg⁻¹.h⁻¹), vecuronium(0.05 mg.kg⁻¹)

Wu et al. [17]

41G-TIVA

G-TIVA: induced: midazolam (0.05 mg.kg-1), fentanil, propfol and vecuronim (no details)

hemodynamic variables; HR, MAP; Intrapulmonary shunt: PaO₂,PaCO₂,Qs/Qt, pH

41G-TIVA-TEA

Maintained: fentanil, propfol and vecuronium (no details, according to BIS).

G-TIVA-TEA: T_5–6 or T_6–7 epidural with initial 0.5 % ropivacaine 7–12 ml then induced as G- TIVA.

Maintained: epidural with 0.5 % ropivacaine 4–5 ml.h⁻¹, combined with propfol and vecuronium (no details).

Zhang et al. [18]

43G-TIVA

G-TIVA: induced: midazolam (0.05 mg.kg-1), fentanil, propfol and vecuronim (no details)

hemodynamic variables; HR, MAP; Intrapulmonary shunt: PaO₂,PaCO₂,Qs/Qt,

43G-TIVA-TEA

Maintained: fentanil, propfol and vecuronium (no details, according to BIS).

G-TIVA-TEA: T_5–6 or T_6–7 epidural with initial 0.5 % ropivacaine 7–12 ml then induced as G- TIVA.

Maintained: epidural with 0.5 % ropivacaine 4–6 ml.h⁻¹, combined with propfol and vecuronium (no details).

Sun et al. [19]

12 G-ISO-TEA

G-ISO-TEA and G-TIVA-TEA: induced: T_7–8 or T_8–9 epidural with initial 0.5 % ropivacaine 7–9 ml then induced with fentanyl (3 μg.kg⁻¹), midazolam (2-3 mg), propfol (1.5 mg.kg⁻¹), vecuronim (0.1 mg.kg⁻¹)

hemodynamic variables; HR, MAP,MPAP Intrapulmonary shunt: PaO₂,PaCO₂,Qs/Qt, pH

12 G-TIVA-TEA

Maintained: isoflurane and propfol respectively(no details, according to BIS).