Fig. 3

Esophageal pressure (Pes) and tidal volume during triggered NAVA and continuous NAVA for all rounds, during different conditions. Panel a Esophageal pressure swing (Y axis) plotted for the six conditions (X axis) for tNAVA (blue) and cNAVA (orange). For each condition, the esophageal pressure swing was less for cNAVA than tNAVA, indicating less inspiratory effort. (Note, the more negative the value, the greater the inspiratory effort). Panel b Inspired tidal volume (Y axis) plotted for the invasive conditions (X axis) for tNAVA (blue) and cNAVA (orange). For both Panels A and B, values plotted are the mean of the last minute of each run. All comparisons between cNAVA and tNAVA, within a condition, were significantly different between the 2 modes. INV-RES¹ = Invasive ventilation with added resistive load; INV-CO₂ = Invasive ventilation with CO₂ blended in to air supply/medical air; INV-ALI = invasive ventilation with acute lung injury; NIV-RES² = Non-invasive ventilation with added resistive load; NIV-CO₂ = Non-invasive ventilation with CO₂ blended in to air supply/medical air; NIV-ALI = Non-invasive ventilation after acute lung injury