Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Study | Design | Population characteristics | Age | Sepsis definition | Vitamin D cut-off (ng/mL) | Assay | Participants (n) | Time measure | 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 1,25(OH)D2 (ng/mL) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sepsis | Control | Sepsis | Control | |||||||||
Jeng 2009 [15] | Cross-sectional | Subjects in ICU with and without sepsis, and healthy controls between 1999 and 2006 | 54.0 (17.1) | ACCP and SCCM consensus panel in 2001 | Insufficiency (<30) | ELISA | Total 70 Sufficiency 9 Insufficiency 61 | During hospitalization | 16.0 (8.5) | 16.2 (7.2) | - | |
Muller 2000 [16] | Cross-sectional | Patients admitted to MICU of the Basel University Hospitals | 57 (15) | Systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by infection | Subnormal (<20) | 25(OH)D, Radioimmunoassay; 1,25(OH)D2, Scintillation proximity assay | Total 101 | First 24 h, day 2, day of discharge | 6.3 (5.2) | 8.8 (7.7) | 27.7 (23.5) | 32.4 (15) |
Su 2013 [17] | Cross-sectional | Patients admitted to ICU in Army Hospital in 2011 | 57 (20) | 2001 International Sepsis Definition Conference | Deficiency (<20) Sufficiency (≥30) | High performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry | Total 156 | Within 24 h of ICU admission | 0.91 (0.24)a | 0.97 (0.22)a | - | |
Braun 2012 [18] | Retrospective cohort | Patients aged ≥18 years who were admitted to BWH and MGH between 1997 and 2009 | 63.0 (17.2) | ICD-9-CM codes: 038.0–038.9, 790.7, 117.9, 112.5, 112.81, 995.92, and 785.52 | Deficiency (≤15) Insufficiency (16–29) Sufficiency (≥30) | - | Total 1,325 Deficiency 668 Insufficiency 472 Sufficiency 185 | 7 days before and after critical care initiation | 18.2 (13.7) | - | ||
Braun 2011[19] | Retrospective cohort | Patients aged ≥18 years who were admitted to BWH and MGH between 1997 and 2009 | 64.9 (16.6) | ICD-9 codes 038.0–038.9, 020.0, 790.7, 117.9, 112.5, 112.81 | Deficiency (≤15) Insufficiency (16–29) Sufficiency (≥30) | - | Total 2,399 Deficiency 637 Insufficiency 918 Sufficiency 844 | 7-365 days before admission | 26.4 (15.2) | - | ||
Flynn 2012 [20] | Prospective cohort study | Participants aged ≥18 years who were admitted to ICU ≥48 h for between 2010 -2011 | 56 (20) | - | Deficiency (<20) Sufficiency (≥20) Normal (30-100) | - | Total 66 Deficiency 49 Sufficiency 17 | On admission and every 7 days during hospitalization | - | - | ||
Jovanovich 2014 [21] | Retrospective cohort | Hospitalized participants from hospitals and clinics from 2008-2010 | 60 (17) | ICD-9 codes 995.91, 995.92 | Deficiency (<15) Insufficiency (15–30) Sufficiency (>30) | Radioimmunoassay | Total 132 Deficiency 74 Insufficiency 193 Sufficiency 252 | 3-15 months before admission | 70.1 (62.2-79.6) | 79.3 (71.1-88.1) | - | |
Moromizato 2013 [22] | Retrospective cohort | Patients aged ≥18 years who were admitted to BWH and MGH between 1998 and 2011 | 65.9 (16.1) | Presence of any of the following ICD-9-CM codes: 038.0–038.9, 020.0, 790.7, 117.9, 112.5, or 112.81 | Deficiency (≤15) Insufficiency (15–30) Sufficiency (≥30) | Chemiluminescence assay, radioimmunoassay, or mass spectroscopy | Total 3,386 Deficiency 566 Insufficiency 1,305 Sufficiency 1,515 | 7-365 days before admission | 29.4 (15.5) | - | ||
Quraishi 2013 [23] | Retrospective cohort | Patients aged ≥18 years who were admitted to BWH and MGH between 1993 and 2011 | 61 (18) | Hospital-acquired bloodstream infection | Deficiency (<20) | Chemiluminescence assay, radioimmunoassay, or mass spectroscopy | Total 2,135 | 7-365 days before admission | 25 (17) | - | ||
Lange 2013 [24] | Retrospective cohort | Patients aged ≥18 years who were admitted to BWH and MGH between 1993 and 2010 | 61.2 (17.6) | Community-acquired bloodstream infection | Deficiency (≤15) Insufficiency (15–30) Sufficiency (≥30) | Chemiluminescence assay, radioimmunoassay, or mass spectroscopy | Total 23,603 Deficiency 5,241 Insufficiency 8,679 Sufficiency 9,683 | 7-365 days before admission | 27.9 (15.1) | - | ||